月度归档 2025年5月11日

　　On October 26th, 1977, the last smallpox patient in the world, Somali cook Ali Mao Martin, was cured. On May 8, 1980, the World Health Organization announced in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox, which had been harmful to mankind for thousands of years, had been eradicated. It is precisely because of Chinese’s first invention of human pox that smallpox has become the only infectious disease that human beings can eliminate so far.

　　Qing the emperor shunzhi died of smallpox.

　　Smallpox is a severe infectious disease and epidemic disease, which was once one of the four major diseases in pediatrics (pox, rash, panic and rash). It is caused by smallpox virus infection, spread by contact or droplets, popular all over the world, and extremely harmful to human beings. About 500 million people died of the disease in human history, and the survivors will also leave pockmarked scars (pits) for life.

　　The early symptoms of smallpox are systemic poisoning, sudden chills, high fever (39℃-41℃), headache, general aches, vomiting, etc., followed by rash, papules, herpes and pustules on the body in turn, with a sinister condition and high mortality. In the twenty-third year of Qing Daoguang (1843), "smallpox was prevalent, and ten failed to save five. There are hundreds of children who die. " The first emperor, Emperor Shunzhi, died of smallpox at the age of 23.

　　In Qing dynasty, smallpox was the number one plague in the Forbidden City. Because compared with the more closed Manchu people outside the customs, the Han people in the Central Plains have a certain immunity to smallpox. Manchu people who entered the customs in the early Qing Dynasty were far more afraid of smallpox than the Ming army and peasant rebels.

　　In the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing army was preparing to enter the customs. Prince Hao of Su, who led the troops, said to another general, "I haven’t had smallpox yet. This expedition made me go with me. Do you want me to die?" Six years later, Duo Duo, the 15th brother of Hogg and a famous soldier, died of smallpox at the age of 36.

　　In the early Qing dynasty, there was a special classification of household registration management. Residents were divided into "familiar body" and "born body". "Familiar body" refers to people who have experienced smallpox or smallpox; A "living body" is a person who has never had smallpox or is suspected of carrying the source of the disease. The government stipulates that once the epidemic situation is predicted, "living people" are not allowed to stay in the city.

　　At the end of the 17th year of Shunzhi, the emperor shunzhi contracted smallpox, and his son Xuanye, the later Emperor Kangxi, was afraid to visit his sick father for fear of infection. In order to pray for the emperor to survive the disaster, the Queen of Pox was enshrined in the palace, and all the Spring Festival couplets, door gods and lanterns hung for the Spring Festival were removed. At the same time, the whole country was ordered not to fry beans, light lamps and splash water, and an Amnesty was issued. But the emperor shunzhi was still killed by smallpox.

　　According to documents, smallpox virus was introduced into China by prisoners in the war during the reign of Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu in the early Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-57), and it was called "Lu Chuang". Later, in the process of spreading, it has various names: Tianxing spotted sore, Dengdou sore, pea sore, bean sore, spotted bean sore, bran bean sore, Tianxing bean sore, spotted sore, tiandou, Tianxing pox and epidemic disease.

　　In the long-term struggle against this virulent infectious disease, the people and doctors in China constantly explored and summarized various methods to prevent smallpox and alleviate the disease, and finally invented the human pox technique. According to records, as early as the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (713-741), that is, the early reign of Li Longji, the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, there was a record that "the Zhao family in the south of the Yangtze River began to spread the method of nasal vaccination". Wang Dan, a famous prime minister in the Northern Song Dynasty and a native of shenxian county today, all his sons died of smallpox, and then he gave birth to Wang Su ("All children suffer from smallpox, and later they have children"). In the first year of Xianping, Song Zhenzong (998), he invited the imperial doctor to vaccinate Wang Su. "He had a fever on the seventh day, and the pox had scabbed on the twelfth day." Wang Su survived from then on. The first monograph on smallpox and measles appeared in the Song Dynasty-Dong Ji’s Treatise on Children’s Spotted Rashes, and there were many medical books on smallpox in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, a "Taiping vaccine" with less toxicity was formed, which was refined and refined by human body. It was named after Taiping County, Ningguo Prefecture. Taiping County is located in the south of Anhui, at the northern foot of Huangshan Mountain, and now it is huangshan district, Huangshan City.

　　In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the vaccination technology was quite perfect. To sum up, there are four main methods: the pox-dressing method, which uses the shirt of a child suffering from smallpox or uses pox pulp to dye the clothes, and puts them on the vaccinated person to make him infected, so as to cause mild symptoms; The pox pulp method, in which cotton is dipped in the pox pulp and stuffed into the nostrils of the vaccinated child, makes him infected and also has mild symptoms; Dry seedling method: dry the scab in the shade, then grind it and blow it into the nostrils of vaccinated children with silver tubes to prevent smallpox; Water seedling method: dry the scab in the shade, grind it into fine powder, mix it with water, dip it in cotton and stuff it into the nostrils of the vaccinated person to prevent smallpox.

　　Of these four methods, the pox coating method and the pox pulp method are relatively primitive, and the effect is only to alleviate the disease. Dry seedling method and water seedling method are more advanced, and the two methods use scab as vaccine, which is greatly improved in method, which is not only convenient to popularize, but also effective. Among them, the water seedling method is more advanced, cheaper and more effective than the dry seedling method.

　　Since the invention of dry seedling method and water seedling method, people are very particular about the selection and storage of acne scabs, and it is required to choose the best acne scabs with smooth red circles as vaccines. After the scab falls off, it should be wrapped with black paper and tightly sealed in a clean porcelain bottle. At the beginning, the vaccine used in the drought and water seedling method was "time seedling", that is, the scab that had just suffered from smallpox was actually infected with smallpox by artificial methods, which was more dangerous; In the future, the vaccine used in drought and water seedling method is "mature seedling", that is, the scab inoculated many times has greatly reduced its toxicity and greatly improved its safety after inoculation. Just as Zhu Yiliang in the Qing Dynasty brilliantly pointed out in the book "Heart Method of Vaccination": "The longer the seedlings are propagated, the clearer the promotion of drug power, the more mature the manual selection, the elimination of fire and poison, and the existence of essence, so there is no danger." This selection and cultivation method of human pox vaccine is completely consistent with the cultivation principle of modern vaccine, and China had this immune technology method as early as the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. According to the famous acne doctor Ayla Zhang’s book "A New Book of Vaccination" in the early Qing Dynasty, "there are 89,000 people who vaccinate, but there are 20 or 30 people who can’t save them", that is, the success rate is over 99.6%, which shows that the success rate of the human pox method at that time was high.

　　Human pox was introduced to the west.

　　The invention of human pox greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality of smallpox in Chinese, and gradually spread abroad, which made outstanding contributions to reducing the morbidity and mortality of smallpox in all countries in the world. In the 17th century, after learning about China’s human pox law, Russia sent doctors to Beijing to study acne medicine in the 27th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1688), and "set up a business in Beijing".

　　Later, human pox vaccination was introduced from Russia to Central Asia and then to Turkey. Montagu, the wife of the British ambassador to Turkey, witnessed the local people vaccinating their children against smallpox in Constantinople, and the effect was very good. Because her younger brother died of smallpox and she was infected with smallpox herself, she did not hesitate to vaccinate her children with human pox in 1717, and in this year she introduced human pox to Britain. At this time, smallpox was prevalent all over Europe, including Britain. According to statistics, 60 million people died of smallpox in Europe in the 18th century. With the support of the King of England, many vaccination hospitals were established, and Britain soon became the center of vaccination in Europe and even the world. All countries in Europe and America sent people to Britain to study vaccination technology, and the vaccination technology spread to France and continental European countries, India and the United States in 1721. When Washington led the American War of Independence, the United States of America was established because it successfully prevented the fighting capacity from weakening due to smallpox epidemic by vaccinating army soldiers with human pox.

　　Vaccination originated from human pox

　　At that time, doctors in the British Isles generally used human pox to prevent smallpox. In view of the fact that human pox caused a mild smallpox infection artificially, there were still some risks, so many doctors were still looking for a simpler, more effective and safer technology.

　　There is an English rural doctor, Jenner Jenner, who was originally a doctor who inoculated human pox. He felt its limitations in the practice of inoculating human pox and was bent on finding a better prevention method. In 1780, he discovered that different herpes from cow nipples could be transmitted to people, and one of them, the pus of herpes, could prevent smallpox. He called bovine herpes a virus. In 1796, he took a decisive step-the first trial of vaccinia on an 8-year-old child and achieved success. The next year, he submitted the test results in a written report to the Royal Society, which was rejected. In 1798, he wrote a book "Study on the Causes and Effects of Vaccinium Inoculation" and published it at his own expense.

　　Vaccinium surgery is simpler, safer and more effective than human pox surgery, and it is quickly popularized in all countries of the world. In 1805, vaccinia was introduced to China via Macau, and it soon became popular among the public instead of human pox. It is precisely because of this that western medicine gained a firm foothold among the people in China and developed rapidly. The rapid spread and successful promotion of vaccinia in China touched the inventor of vaccinia, Chenna, who said that Chinese seemed to trust vaccinia more than the British in his hometown. Due to the successful popularization of vaccinia, smallpox was eradicated nationwide in China in the 1960s. At the 37th World Health Assembly in 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox was officially eliminated all over the world, which was the only infectious disease that was eliminated by human beings. The Encyclopedia of China pointed out: "The fact that vaccinia originated from human pox shows that the outstanding scientific invention of Chinese medicine human pox vaccination has contributed to the development of world medicine." Moreover, western medicine has sprouted the immunology theory of western medicine on the basis of China’s human pox operation. Needham, a member of the Royal Society, pointed out that China’s human pox operation is the "source of immunology" in the world.

(Source: Volkswagen Daily)

As we all know, in history, with the spread of Chinese culture, Chinese characters have also spread to Vietnam, the Korean Peninsula, Japan and other surrounding areas, becoming a kind of super-national characters that are popular in the "Chinese character cultural circle". But now, only China and Japan are the countries that strictly adopt Chinese characters. On the surface, Viet Nam and the Korean Peninsula have withdrawn from the cultural circle of Chinese characters. Especially in Vietnam, Chinese characters have been abolished for nearly a hundred years, and Latin characters have become the official languages of their country, which is embarrassing.

The spread of "Confucianism"

In 111 BC, the Han army took up the third route and perished in South Vietnam, which was divided into Lingnan in the war at the end of Qin Dynasty. Seven counties were set up in its hometown, among which Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen and Rinan were in today’s Vietnam. At first, the residents here were completely unfamiliar with Central Plains culture. The so-called "where the toes are unified, although the county is located, but the words are different, retranslation is the pass." From the names of counties set in the Western Han Dynasty, we can also see the leopard. Among the 17 counties in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen County, only Anding belongs to the Chinese name of "Xi Yi Jia Ming", such as "Beidai, Xiyu, Xupu, Wuqie and Wubian", which are obviously transliteration of Chinese characters in the local dialect.

County names of Jiaozhi in the Western Han Dynasty

However, during the long "county period" (from 111 BC to 939 AD, Vietnam called it "the northern period"), groups of Han Chinese moved to Vietnam, including lords, officials, businessmen, craftsmen, old ministers who fell out of power and criminals … "The Xiongwang culture (native to Vietnam) developed to the early AD and seemed to suddenly stagnate. No matter where archaeologists dig their hoes, they find Chinese-style ancient brick tombs all over the country, and the funerary objects are also Chinese-style … "In the Three Kingdoms period, Xu Jing, a celebrity, chose to take a boat from Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) to escape the war, and passed through Guangdong and Fujian provinces all the way, but it was a wilderness in his eyes. Only after reaching the intersection of" a vast territory and a large population "can he be regarded as seeing the" land of Han "again.

When the Han people went south, the Chinese style gradually rose. Ren Yan and Xi Guang of the Han Dynasty "established schools in Jiuzhen and Jiaozhi respectively, guiding the classics and righteousness", and Chinese characters were subsequently introduced into Vietnam. At the beginning, Chinese characters were spread in Vietnam to meet the needs of spreading Confucian culture, so Chinese characters were also called "Confucian characters" in Vietnam.

After the Sui Dynasty pioneered the imperial examination to select scholars, Tang inherited the Sui system and passed the imperial examinations such as Jinshi and Mingjing, recruiting talents extensively. In addition to the official schools run by the imperial court in Annan counties, various private schools and township schools have also developed greatly. This played a vital role in the spread of Chinese characters in Annan, so that a "Chinese-Vietnamese sound" was formed in Vietnamese-each Chinese character has a corresponding pronunciation of "Chinese-Vietnamese sound", which of course carries the pronunciation of the Central Plains Chinese in the Tang Dynasty. For example, in the History of the Old Five Dynasties, it was recorded that "in the first year of Kaiping (the back beam), the supervisor of the Department of Heaven said that the word’ E’ was changed to’ Wu’", indicating that the pronunciation of the Central Plains at that time had changed, because the taboo began to pronounce’ E’ as’ Wu’; In the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation, the pronunciation of "mau" and "vu" is still completely different.

In the Tang Dynasty, the Chinese character attainments of Annam scholars had reached a very high level. Jiang Gongfu, a native of Rinan County, Aizhou (now Anding County, Qinghua Province, Vietnam), was a typical representative of Annam scholars’ highest achievements in the Central Plains Imperial Examination. This person Jinshi and Tang Dezong, when the official to advise adults, with the book door flat chapter. Quantang Wen contains his Advice to the Truth and the incomplete Bai Yun Chun Hai Fu. Jiang Gongfu’s level in Chinese culture can be regarded as the pride of many intellectuals and politicians in the Central Plains, and Vietnamese theorists even respect him as "Annan’s eternal literary Sect".

Jiang Gongfu, "Annam’s Eternal Literati Sect"

An attempt to "whisper words"

In the tenth century, Vietnam stood on its own feet with its border vassals. But at this time, after more than 1000 years of infiltration of China culture, Chinese characters have been deeply rooted in all fields of Vietnamese society. In 1070, the Li Dynasty in Vietnam established the Confucian Temple in Shenglong City. In 1076, the imperial academy was built by the Confucian Temple in the Li Dynasty, which was dedicated to the education of Chinese characters and Chinese culture for the children of royalty and dignitaries. Later, the educational target was gradually expanded, and it was also attended by talented children in cloth. In 1075, Vietnam opened the imperial examination for the first time, and since then it has become an important way to take scholars in the past dynasties. The content, form and organization of the imperial examination are all based on China. In the history of more than 800 years of scientific examination in Vietnam, there are as many as 2,818 scholars.

As the orthodox script of Vietnam’s feudal country, Chinese characters gradually cultivated and improved Vietnam’s academic and literary traditions. Li Taizu’s imperial edict to move the capital is considered to be the earliest existing historical document and written literary work in Vietnam. The famous historical classics such as Li Wenxiu’s Dayue Historical Records, Pan Fuxian’s Dayue Historical Records, and Wu Shilian’s Dayue Historical Records are also written in Chinese characters. It can be said that the history of Vietnam is recorded and handed down by Chinese characters.

Vietnam’s national history "Da Yue Shi Ji Quan Shu"

However, like Japan and the Korean Peninsula, Viet Nam has also encountered a problem in the use of Chinese characters: "The pronunciation of the country is unusual in China", that is, Chinese characters cannot express their language completely and accurately. Japan and Korea solved this problem by developing "Wanye Kana" and "Official Reading" which use Chinese characters as phonetic symbols respectively, and finally formed their own phonetic characters-Hiragana/Katakana and "Xunmin Zhengyin". Vietnam is another way, which is "word nan", which means "the word of the south"

In the 13th century, the word "nan" has been systematized and used in literary works. Hu Jili, the emperor of the Hu Dynasty (1400-1407), once translated "The Book of History without Escape" into Professor Nan’s maid-in-waiting; Nguy?n Hu? of Xishan Dynasty (1771-1792) stipulated that the third test of each subject required candidates to answer with words. From the first half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, with the advent of classical works such as "Ode to a Woman", "Ode to a Palace Complain" and "Biography of Jin Yun Qiao", the literature of Ci Nan reached its peak.

However, Zinan is based on Chinese characters, borrowed from the whole Chinese characters or their radicals, and created by using the methods of pictophonetic sound, knowing and borrowing in Chinese characters. The composition of each character requires one or several Chinese characters, and whether it is compounded by pictophonetic, knowing or borrowing methods, it is mostly read by Chinese pronunciation, such as the word "Wu", which is written as "Nan Wu", with "nam" as the phonetic symbol and "Wu" as the semantic symbol. In fact, this is no different from the "hen" created in early vernacular Chinese and the "wo" made in Guangfu dialect, which is essentially a supplement to Chinese characters. It can even be considered that Chinese characters and word nan are actually just one word, because the structural components of words are exactly the same.

Literary works of word nan

Therefore, to learn Chinese characters, you must first learn Chinese characters. However, compared with Chinese characters, word nan is more difficult to read, write and remember, which makes it impossible for this kind of "southern word" to enter the folk who are not familiar with Chinese characters. As for the elite who were born in the imperial examination and mastered Chinese characters, they were more willing to use Confucian characters, which carried the way of sages. Therefore, the word nan never replaced the position of Chinese characters.

Unintentionally inserted "Mandarin characters"

In fact, as early as a century before the Xishan Dynasty attempted to popularize the word "Nan", another kind of writing which was completely different from Chinese characters (and "Nan") appeared. Two Catholic missionaries from Italy and Portugal came to Da Nang on January 18th, 1615, and established a church, which initiated the western missionaries to preach in Vietnam. These missionaries brought some advanced western knowledge and novel commodities, and knew how to use magical western medicine to cure diseases and exorcise evil spirits, so they were attractive and developed more and more Christians.

In order to spread the "Gospel" of God in East Asia as soon as possible, the early Western missionaries followed the precedent set by the famous Matteo Ricci and actively studied the local culture. However, unlike Matteo Ricci, who took the upper line of scholar-officials, later missionaries were basically illiterate people at the bottom, so they began to record Vietnamese with their own Latin alphabet.

Alexandre de Rhodes, a French missionary, compiled a Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin Dictionary in 1651, which is regarded as an important symbol of the emergence of Ch Qucn. Du Guangzheng, a Vietnamese priest, came to the conclusion after careful investigation and study: "The current Mandarin characters were jointly created by many Catholic priests who were active in Vietnam in the 17th century (in silent cooperation with some Vietnamese believers). In a nutshell, they used the Latin alphabet, borrowed the sounds of Portuguese, Italian and Greek to a certain extent, and combined them to create the words we used. "

A similar situation occurred in the southeast coast of China after the Opium War. At that time, missionaries created several Roman characters according to local dialects in order to preach among the people, and the most influential Minnan dialect "Peh-o-j:" was used until the 20th century. Just like the situation in the southeast coast of China, Mandarin characters were originally used only in religious occasions, for translating the Bible and compiling teaching materials. What really changed its status was the French aggression.

In 1858, the French army shelled Da Nang, opened the door of Vietnam, and turned the whole Vietnam into its colony in nearly 30 years. The invaders regarded Chinese characters as a historical and cultural link between China and Vietnam and an obstacle to French colonial rule, so they forced the use of Mandarin characters, threatening that "when this kind of Chinese characters incompatible with progress is still the only tool for exchanging ideas, the only way to promote transformation is to develop French-Annan schools and replace Chinese characters with Latin letters". In 1917, the French colonial authorities brazenly ordered the complete abolition of Chinese character education in schools; In July, 1919, Hue’s puppet court issued the Royal Imperial Imperial Imperial edict to abolish the imperial examination, and Chinese characters (and the characters attached to them) were forced to withdraw from the historical stage of Vietnam.

However, the French’s purpose is only to "first replace (Chinese characters) with the characters called’ national language’ spelled by European letters, and then replace them with French". The use of Mandarin characters is limited to the bilingual education of Vietnamese and French in the lower grades of primary school, and French is in a dominant position in the upper grades of primary school and above middle school. "After a long period of time, in the distant future, it (Vietnamese) may die out, leaving some words for the future French of this country. Just as the Guarani language contributed many words to Brazilian Portuguese, the colonists have already made such a clamor.

Although the invaders’ attitude towards Mandarin characters is that the meaning of drunkenness is not in the wine, the Mandarin characters themselves are not blameless. For example, there is no F, but ph is used instead, D is used to represent Z, while the common D is in Mandarin characters. But after all, it is easy to learn and understand, so it has become a favorable tool for national people to spread revolutionary ideas and strive for national independence. On September 2, 1945, in Bating Square, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence written by himself in Mandarin, solemnly proclaiming the birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

Vietnamese dong ("Republican socialist Vietnam").

Then, in a very short time, Mandarin characters became the official language of Vietnam. Article 18 of the Constitution promulgated in 1946 even stipulates: "The elected person must be a citizen with the right to vote, at least 21 years old, and must be able to read and write Mandarin." It seems that this can not be completely attributed to the "de-sinicization" under nationalism. After all, Ho Chi Minh is familiar with Chinese, and the name of another leader, the Long March, comes directly from these two Chinese characters. What’s more, at that time, even Chairman Mao Zedong once thought that "Pinyin writing is a more convenient form of writing. Chinese characters are too complicated and difficult. At present, they are only simplified and reformed, and one day they will be fundamentally reformed. " (Selected Letters of Mao Zedong, p. 454)

Vietnamese temples with Chinese characters written on them

In today’s Vietnam, the official position of Mandarin characters has been unshakable, while Zinan has become a dead languages that only a few experts can read. As for Chinese characters, they still accidentally exist in the study of Vietnamese monks and nuns-after all, the classics of Chinese Buddhism are written in Chinese. In the past, Mandarin characters entered Vietnam through religion, and today Chinese characters exist in Vietnam through religion, which may be the strangeness of history.

References:

Su Caiqiong: The Changes of Vietnamese Characters and the Development of National Consciousness, Master’s Degree Thesis of Jinan University, 2010.

Liang Maohua: A Study on the Development History of Vietnamese Characters, Doctoral Dissertation of Zhengzhou University, 2014.

　　Cctv newsAccording to the website of the National Bureau of Statistics, in July, the year-on-year decline of raw coal production in industrial enterprises above designated size narrowed, crude oil production was basically stable, the growth rate of natural gas production slowed down, and the growth rate of electricity production accelerated. Based on July 2019, the average growth rate of raw coal production decreased in two years, the growth of crude oil production remained stable, and the production of natural gas and electricity increased rapidly.

　　I. Production of raw coal, crude oil and natural gas and related information

　　The decline in raw coal production narrowed. In July, the production of raw coal was 310 million tons, down by 3.3% year-on-year, with a decrease of 1.7 percentage points from last month and a decrease of 6.9% from the same period in 2019, with an average decrease of 3.5% in two years and an average daily output of 10.13 million tons. Imported coal was 30.18 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 15.6%.

　　1— In July, 2.26 billion tons of raw coal was produced, up 4.9% year-on-year, up 4.8% over the same period in 2019, with an average growth of 2.4% in two years; Imported coal was 169.74 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 15.0%.

　　The comprehensive transaction price of port coal continues to rise. On July 30th, the comprehensive transaction prices of 5500 kcal, 5000 kcal and 4500 kcal thermal coal in Qinhuangdao Port were 845 yuan, 773 yuan and 686 yuan per ton, respectively, which were higher than those in 26 yuan, 34 yuan and 38 yuan on June 25th.

　　The production of crude oil grew steadily, and the processing capacity changed from rising to falling. In July, it produced 16.87 million tons of crude oil, up 2.5% year-on-year, up 3.1% compared with the same period in 2019, with an average increase of 1.5% in two years and an average daily output of 544,000 tons. 59.06 million tons of crude oil was processed, down 0.9% year-on-year, up 11.4% compared with the same period in 2019, with an average growth rate of 5.6% in two years, with an average daily processing of 1.905 million tons.

　　1— In July, 116.21 million tons of crude oil was produced, up by 2.4% year-on-year, up by 3.9% compared with the same period in 2019, with an average increase of 1.9% in two years. 412.41 million tons of crude oil was processed, up 8.9% year-on-year, up 11.4% over the same period in 2019, with an average growth rate of 5.5% in two years.

　　The decline in crude oil imports narrowed and international crude oil prices fluctuated at a high level. In July, 41.24 million tons of crude oil was imported, down 19.6% year-on-year; 1— In July, imported crude oil was 301.83 million tons, down 5.6% year-on-year. On July 30th, the spot FOB price of Brent crude oil was $77.72/barrel, up 1.0% from $76.94/barrel on June 30th.

　　The growth rate of natural gas production slowed down. In July, the production of natural gas was 15.8 billion cubic meters, up 9.8% year-on-year. The growth rate dropped by 3.3 percentage points from last month and increased by 15.1% compared with the same period in 2019, with an average growth rate of 7.3% in two years and an average daily output of 510 million cubic meters.

　　1— In July, 120.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas was produced, up 10.7% year-on-year, up 21.2% over the same period in 2019, with an average growth of 10.1% in two years.

　　Natural gas imports grew rapidly. In July, 9.34 million tons of natural gas was imported, a year-on-year increase of 27.0%. 1— In July, 68.96 million tons of natural gas was imported, a year-on-year increase of 24.0%.

　　Second, the power production situation

　　Power production accelerated. In July, the power generation was 758.6 billion kWh, up 9.6% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 2.2 percentage points higher than that of last month and 11.7% higher than that of the same period in 2019, with an average growth rate of 5.7% in two years and an average daily power generation of 24.47 billion kWh. 1— In July, power generation was 4,645 billion kWh, up 13.2% year-on-year, up 12.2% over the same period in 2019, with an average growth of 5.9% in two years.

　　In terms of varieties, in July, thermal power, nuclear power and wind power all grew rapidly, the decline of hydropower narrowed, and solar power generation fell slightly. Among them, thermal power increased by 12.7% year-on-year, with July 2019 as the base period, with an average increase of 5.8% in two years; Hydropower decreased by 4.3%, with an average increase of 0.8% in two years; Nuclear power increased by 14.4%, with an average growth of 10.5% in two years; Wind power increased by 25.4%, with an average growth of 24.3% in two years; Solar power generation increased by 12.1%, with an average growth of 5.5% in two years.

　　annotations

　　1. Interpretation of indicators

　　Daily average product output: it is calculated by dividing the total output of industrial enterprises above designated size announced in the current month by the calendar days of that month.

　　2. Statistical scope

　　The statistical caliber of output data in the report is all industries above designated size, and its statistical scope is industrial enterprises with annual main business income of more than 20 million yuan.

　　Because the scope of industrial enterprises above designated size changes every year, in order to ensure that the data of this year is comparable to that of the previous year, the number of the same period used to calculate the year-on-year growth rate of various indicators such as product output is consistent with the statistical scope of enterprises in this period, and there are caliber differences with the data published last year.

　　3. Data sources

　　Import data comes from the General Administration of Customs, of which July data is news data; Coal price data comes from China coal market network; Crude oil price data comes from us energy information administration (EIA).

　　4. Conversion relationship of natural gas units: 1 ton is about 1380 cubic meters.

　　5. The two-year average growth rate refers to the growth rate calculated by geometric average method based on the corresponding number of the same period in 2019.