标签归档 西安桑拿论坛

　　The picture shows the members of the garbage transfer team of Thunder God Mountain hospital Property Management Team taking a group photo. Information photo

　　In Thunder God Mountain hospital, Wuhan, because of them, the daily work of cleaning and disinfection, public security patrol, and distribution of lunch boxes can operate in an orderly manner. They are the Thunder God Mountain hospital property management team with more than 400 people.

　　On February 16th, Yang Ling, the business backbone of the property company of Wuhan Real Estate Group with 11 years of clinical nursing experience, learned that the ICU ward in Thunder God Mountain hospital was officially opened, and volunteered: "I have experience, and I will not enter the ICU ward!"

　　Under her leadership, four members of the property management team undertake the cleaning work of two ICU wards and nurse stations, and work for more than 10 hours every day. In addition to normal cleaning, Yang Ling is also responsible for the disinfection and sterilization of equipment and beds in an ICU ward. "There is a 1.2-meter-high large trash can next to each patient’s bed, and on average, more than 30 bags of medical waste are cleared and transported every day." Yang Ling said.

　　Before the outbreak, Chen Weiwei was a full-time network car driver. At 11: 00 pm on January 27th, seeing the news of recruiting Thunder God Mountain hospital property personnel in the circle of friends, he made a consultation call and signed up two days later. "Just like when I chose to be a soldier, I want to do something meaningful." Since entering Thunder God Mountain hospital on February 2nd, Chen Weiwei and 30 team members have been responsible for the medical waste transfer in 32 wards.

　　Just arrived in Thunder God Mountain hospital, Chen Weiwei and his companions are responsible for the removal of 100 bags of garbage every day. With the increase in the number of patients admitted, this number is rising, with 600 bags and 1,000 bags … … On the heaviest day of the task, Chen Weiwei got off work at 3: 30 in the morning and went back to the dormitory to sleep for more than three hours before continuing to work.

　　"Chen Weiwei is coming to collect garbage, and the garbage dump in the A16 ward is full." The news in the WeChat working group has hardly been broken. As the team leader, no matter who called, Chen Weiwei replied and arrived at the first time. "Everyone is afraid of the virus, but we can’t leave it alone because we are afraid. I am willing to contribute to the fight against the epidemic."

　　Thunder God Mountain hospital’s property manager, party member Li Xuanxi, has been holding his post for more than a month. Li Xuanxi, born in 1993, is responsible for equipment maintenance and purchasing of living materials in Thunder God Mountain hospital. At the beginning, there were 12 wards in the hospital within 2 days, and the head nurses in each ward had different requirements for property work. Li Xuanxi coordinated and followed up according to the requirements of various wards, and received more than 120 calls every day.

　　In order to make an accurate property workflow, Li Xuanxi went into the isolation ward and garbage transfer team again and again to measure the task of each person. Li Xuanxi said, "There are dangers, but Wuhan has nurtured me. At this time, I want to repay this heroic city."

　　　　　　 CCTV News:At about 7: 50 pm yesterday (26th), an explosion occurred in a factory in Weishi County, Henan Province, which caused a fire, killing 6 people and injuring 5 others. After the accident, the wounded were sent to the First People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province for treatment. Three of them were in critical condition and were still being rescued.

　　　　　　 Today (27th) morning, the reporter saw in the natural spice extraction workshop of Xumei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. that the two tempered glass windows in the workshop were all shattered and the tiles on the surrounding walls were also shattered. It is understood that at about 7: 50 last night, a double tank in the workshop exploded, causing a fire.

Shattered tempered glass

　　　　　　 Guo Jianfeng, a member of the investigation team of the 6.26 accident in Weishi County, Henan Province, said: "Up to now, six people have died, and five others are being treated with all their strength."

　　　　　　 According to the hospital, all the five wounded were men, aged between 24 and 35. Two of them have a burn area of about 30%, and their condition is relatively stable at present. The other three people’s burn area is more than 95%, which belongs to extremely severe burns.

　　　　　　 Xia Chengde, director of the Burn Department of the First People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Henan Province: "After admission, we gave these three people tracheotomy, limb reduction (force) surgery, and the other was anti-shock and anti-infection treatment. At present, these three patients are in ICU (rescue) and are still in shock, and their condition is more critical. "

　　　　　　 At present, Zhengzhou First People’s Hospital has invited domestic burn experts to consult three critically ill patients this afternoon. At present, the cause of the explosion accident is under investigation.

　　Nuclear energy, also known as atomic energy, is the energy generated when nuclear fission or fusion occurs, which is widely used in industrial and military fields. Nuclear power is the abbreviation of nuclear power generation, which is the electricity generated by nuclear power generation. Using nuclear energy to generate electricity is conducive to optimizing the national or regional energy structure, improving energy security and economy, and playing an increasingly important role in economic and social development. According to the statistics of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as of the end of January 2011, there were 442 nuclear power units in operation in the world, and the operating nuclear power plants were mainly distributed in North America, Asia and Europe, accounting for about 16% of the global power generation. There are 65 nuclear power units under construction, including 30 in China. At present, there are 13 nuclear power units in operation in China, ranking 11th in the world, with an installed capacity of 11.169 million kWh, accounting for 1.16% of China’s total installed power capacity, and the annual power generation is equivalent to 31.72 million tons of coal.

　　First, the working principle of nuclear power plants

　　A nuclear power station is a power station that uses the energy released by nuclear fission or fusion reaction of atoms to produce electric energy. At present, nuclear power plants in commercial operation all use nuclear fission reaction to generate electricity. Nuclear power plants are generally divided into two parts: nuclear islands (including reactor devices) that generate steam by atomic nuclear fission and conventional islands (including turbine-generator systems) that generate electricity by steam. The fuels used in nuclear power plants are generally the chemical elements uranium and plutonium. At present, the main types of nuclear power plants in operation and under construction are PWR, candu nuclear power plant, boiling water reactor, fast reactor and gas-cooled reactor.

　　Pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant is a thermal neutron reactor which uses pressurized light water as coolant and moderator, and water does not boil in the reactor, and uses thermal neutrons to cause chain reaction. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Ling ‘ao Nuclear Power Plant, Qinshan No.1 Nuclear Power Plant, Qinshan No.2 Nuclear Power Plant and Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in China all belong to this type of reactor. Candu nuclear power plant uses light water as coolant and heavy water as moderator, and the water does not boil in the reactor. It is also a thermal neutron reactor that uses thermal neutrons to cause chain reaction. Qinshan No.3 nuclear power station in China belongs to this type of reactor. Boiling water reactor nuclear power plant uses light water as coolant and moderator, but water boils in the reactor, which uses thermal neutrons to cause chain reaction. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan belongs to this type of reactor. The fast reactor nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor in which the thermal energy released by the chain reaction caused by fast neutrons is converted into electrical energy. The nuclear power plant imported from Russia and to be built in Sanming, Fujian Province belongs to this type of reactor. Gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant is a thermal neutron reactor with gas (carbon dioxide or helium) as coolant, which is caused by thermal neutrons. So far, three types of reactors have been developed, such as natural uranium graphite gas-cooled reactor, improved gas-cooled reactor and high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The Shidaowan nuclear power plant to be built in China belongs to high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The nuclear power plants in operation and under construction in China are mainly pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants.

　　PWR nuclear power plants generally have three loops: primary loop (reactor device), secondary loop (turbine generator system) and tertiary loop (circulating water system). Nuclear fuel burns in a special form in the reactor, generating heat to heat the coolant in the primary circuit. The heated coolant enters the steam generator under the push of the main pump, which heats the water in the secondary circuit and turns it into steam, and then is sent back to the core by the main pump for reheating. This continuous cycle is called a loop. Steam enters the steam turbine through the pipeline, which drives the turbine generator to do work and generate electricity, then enters the condenser, and is cooled into water and returned to the steam generator. This steam-water cycle process is called the secondary loop. The third loop uses seawater or fresh water, and its function is to cool the steam in the second loop in the condenser to change it back into condensed water.

　　In order to ensure the safety of nuclear power plant, many safety facilities are also considered in the design, including: automatic shutdown system, reactor overpressure protection system, emergency core boron injection system, emergency core cooling system, emergency water supply system, radioactive material containment system and its supporting emergency power supply and cooling ventilation system. On March 11th, 2011, the safety system of Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan performed related functions, such as automatic shutdown and emergency diesel generator start-up. However, due to the magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami, the related systems were out of power and lost the final heat sink due to flooding.

　　According to China’s nuclear safety regulations and the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the principle of "defense in depth" is strictly implemented in the design, construction and operation of nuclear power plants in China, and multi-level overlapping protection is provided from equipment and measures to ensure that radioactive materials can be effectively contained without leakage. "Defense in Depth" includes the following five lines of defense: careful design and construction to ensure excellent equipment and safety training of nuclear power plants; Strengthen operation management and supervision, and eliminate faults in time; Design and provide multi-level safety system and protection system to prevent equipment failure and human error from causing accidents; Activate the safety system of nuclear power plants, strengthen the management of power plants in accidents, and prevent accidents from expanding; Start the emergency response plan inside and outside the factory, and strive to reduce the impact of the accident on the surrounding residents.

　　Two major nuclear accidents and experience feedback

? 　Due to the complexity of the nuclear power plant system and the limitation of human understanding, there were two major nuclear accidents before the Fukushima nuclear accident. The accident at Three Mile Island in the United States on March 28th, 1979 had little impact on the environment. The Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986 really made people realize the potential threat of nuclear power plants. In the accident, 237 occupational workers were exposed to clinically effective overdose radiation, of which 134 showed symptoms of acute radiation and 28 died within 3 months. From 1986 to 1987, the average radiation dose of 200,000 people who participated in accident treatment was about 100 millisieverts, of which about 10% people received 250 millisieverts and a few people received more than 500 millisieverts. After the accident, about 10% of the 116,000 residents evacuated from the restricted area with a radius of 30 kilometers received more than 50 millisieverts, and less than 5% received more than 100 millisieverts. Short-term exposure of humans to radiation doses below 100 millisieverts is basically harmless. The investigation shows that the fundamental causes of Chernobyl accident are design defects (positive power coefficient, no containment, etc.) and human errors (serious violation of regulations). The Chernobyl nuclear accident is by far the most serious one (the Fukushima nuclear accident cannot be accurately evaluated at present due to the lack of specific data).

　　Through the summary and reflection of nuclear accidents, many new safety measures and safety concepts have been developed. After the Chernobyl accident, international nuclear safety group of IAEA put forward the concept of nuclear safety culture, and published the report "Safety Culture" in 1991, which was widely accepted worldwide. At the same time, nuclear operators in the world realize that any nuclear accident will have an impact on other nuclear power plants. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen exchanges and cooperation among nuclear operating units, promote effective experience feedback, and establish a nuclear safety culture to prevent nuclear accidents. In May 1989, 144 nuclear operators around the world signed the Charter of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) in Moscow, aiming at improving the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants around the world.

　　Third, the new generation of nuclear power technology and its prospect

　　After nearly 60 years of development, nuclear power has formed a complete set of systematic and complete theoretical system and accumulated a lot of operating experience. The newly designed nuclear power units are divided into two directions: one is to increase the configuration of special safety facilities to enhance the safety of the units, represented by EPR nuclear power units in France and VVER nuclear power units in Russia; Second, a large number of passive special safety facilities are used to enhance the safety of the unit, represented by the AP1000 nuclear power unit in the United States. French EPR adopts the design concept of "plus", that is, to increase redundancy to improve safety, and the safety system is increased from two series to four series, which also increases the complexity of the safety system and takes corresponding measures to prevent and alleviate serious accidents. The American AP1000 safety system adopts the "passive" design concept, which better achieves the "simplified" design principle. The safety system uses the natural characteristics of materials (gravity, natural circulation, energy of compressed gas, etc.), and does not need pumps, AC power supplies and corresponding support systems such as ventilation and cooling water, which greatly simplifies the safety system and reduces human errors. The design concept of VVER nuclear power unit in Russia is similar to that of EPR in France.

　　The accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan has once again aroused people’s concern about the safety risks of nuclear power, which will promote people’s continuous exploration of new technologies, with the aim of making nuclear energy safer, cleaner and more efficient. (Author: Party Secretary and Deputy Director of the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection)

Party flag is flying high on the front line of flood control.

?-A group of news that officers and men of the national defense mobilization system and militia participated in flood fighting and emergency rescue.

The People’s Armed Forces Department of Xinfeng County, Guangdong Province was moved at the news.

Party member backbone charge ahead.

China National Defense News Lin Xiaoqi and Pan Shiyuan reported that in recent days, affected by heavy rainfall, floods occurred in many places in Xinfeng County, Guangdong Province.

"There are people trapped in Matou Town, and the situation is critical. Rescue forces are urgently needed to transfer the trapped people." On the morning of June 18th, after receiving the rescue call, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Xinfeng County heard the order and dispatched more than 40 militiamen in an emergency, carrying rubber boats, life-saving catapults, life jackets and other rescue materials and equipment to the front line.

Landslides occurred in some sections, causing traffic disruption. Militia members use shovels, carts and other tools to clean up debris such as mud stones and branches on the road and get through the blocked roads. After arriving in Matou Town, some militia members drove rubber boats, and some waded waist-deep floods to transfer trapped people and materials from house to house.

"If the old man can’t walk, he will carry it on his back. In any case, he must ensure the safe transfer of the masses." In the face of elderly people with mobility difficulties, the backbone of party member took the lead in charging in the most dangerous places. Militia members were in groups of three, carrying old people and carrying materials, and ran again and again until all the people were transferred to safety. After the militia Chen Yuanhua carried the last old man back, he leaned against the tree and gasped. He said: "When the villagers are safe, we will be relieved."

"Give life jackets to the elderly and children, and make sure they are safe." An old man and two children in Shijiao village were trapped by the flood. Teng Zhaolin, political commissar of the county people’s armed forces department, and eight militiamen formed a party member commando team to carry out rescue. In the face of the rushing flood, Teng Zhaolin put his life jacket on the children. Everyone relayed the old man and the child to the rubber boat and moved to safety. "When we see the PLA and the militia coming, our hearts will be practical." The villagers said.

In the past few days, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Xinfeng County has dispatched more than 300 militiamen and used 4 rubber boats to safely transfer more than 200 people trapped.

The People’s Armed Forces Department of Fuliang County, Jiangxi Province was dispatched urgently.

Baili rushed to block the piping

China National Defense News Huang Shuhui reported: In the middle and late June, Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province was affected by continuous heavy rainfall. The water levels of Changjiang River and Le ‘an River, two major rivers in the region, soared, and many places suffered from different degrees of floods. There were piping dangers in many riverbanks, and the flood control situation was grim.

"There are many piping in the port section of leping city Lebei Lianyu, and your department quickly organized forces to block it." At 23: 00 on June 20, after receiving the order from Jingdezhen Military Division, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Fuliang County held an emergency deployment meeting to immediately mobilize manpower and material resources. In less than 30 minutes, 120 militiamen were assembled and all rescue materials and equipment were loaded.

"Comrades, find a soldier for one thousand days and fight for a while. It’s time to test us. Let’s add luster to party flag with practical actions … "At 0: 00 on the 21st, Ye Hongyan, Minister of the People’s Armed Forces of the county, led the militia detachment to the dangerous area overnight after a brief mobilization.

At 1: 00 a.m., they drove more than 100 miles to the port section of Lianxu, Lebei, leping city, only to see several piping outlets pouring out of the dike. Ye Hongyan and party member backbone after seeing the danger, set the plugging scheme, and act quickly. Militia members according to the plan division of labor, turn on the lights and flashlights, bagging, carrying materials, passing sandbags, blocking piping, orderly operation, busy but not chaotic. The militia members are all high-spirited and cooperate with each other. After more than 8 hours of continuous fighting, the danger was effectively controlled.

At 10 o’clock on the 21st, the militia members who fought all night forgot to rest, carried forward the fine style of continuous fighting and were not afraid of difficulties, and threw themselves into the battle of transporting sandstone and timber and strengthening dams. Although everyone is exhausted, they can’t tell whether their faces are muddy or sweaty, and many people’s hands are worn out, but no one is complaining and tired, and they have been fighting in the front line.

The People’s Armed Forces Department of Jiangyong County, Hunan Province fought continuously.

Braving the heavy rain to divert people.

China National Defense News Xie Junmin and Tang Hui reported that from 8: 00 on June 20 to 8: 00 on June 21, there was a general rainstorm in Jiangyong County, Hunan Province, with heavy rain in some areas, and the river exceeded the warning level. At 5: 00 a.m. on the 21st, the water level of the Museum of Women’s Book Ecological Park in Shangjiangxu Town rose sharply, the village was flooded and more than 300 people were trapped by the flood.

After receiving the order, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Jiangyong County quickly launched the emergency plan and organized the militia emergency company to rush to the disaster site in heavy rain. The Museum of Women’s Book Ecological Park was surrounded by floods, with a depth of 2 meters, and the terrain leading to the homes of the trapped people was complicated. After surveying the terrain on the spot, they divided the militia into two groups, one group was responsible for clearing road obstacles and the other group was driving rubber boats to carry out rescue. After six hours of fighting, more than 300 villagers were all safely transferred to temporary resettlement sites.

On the afternoon of the 21st, heavy rain fell again in Jiangyong County, which aggravated the disaster in nine townships and threatened the lives and property of some people. At 20 o’clock, the leaders of the People’s Armed Forces Department led the militia emergency detachment, carrying rubber boats, assault boats and flood control and rescue equipment, and rushed to the affected towns to carry out emergency rescue.

The roads in Gaoyun Village of Xiacengpu Town were all flooded. Under the guidance of the masses, the team members drove the rubber dinghy slowly in the fast-flowing water. Due to the complicated local water conditions, the ditches on both sides of the road are different in depth, and the sight is not good at dark, the rubber boats run aground from time to time, so the team members have to wade forward with rubber boats. Some villagers don’t want to leave home. The village party secretary took the militia to knock on the door from house to house to persuade the masses to move to a safe place to ensure that no one was left behind.

As of 8: 00 on the 22nd, they turned to Xiacengpu Town, Taochuan Town, Coarse Shijiang Town and other places, and fought for more than 9 hours continuously, transferring all 53 trapped people to safety.

?

　　At present, what are the research results of highly pathogenic avian influenza?

　　Since the mid-1990s, China has done a lot of work on the epidemiology, diagnosis, immune control and basic research of avian influenza, and obtained many research results. The diagnosis technology of avian influenza has been established: ① agar diffusion (AGP) diagnosis technology. ② subtype typing technology of avian influenza virus. ③ Molecular diagnosis and detection technology of avian influenza virus. Avian influenza vaccine development: An inactivated vaccine of H5 subtype avian influenza has been developed, which can be used for emergency immunization of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza. The live carrier vaccine of H5N1 subtype avian influenza recombinant fowlpox virus has also entered the stage of environmental release and safety evaluation.

　　How long will it take to confirm the pathogen? Do what experiment?

　　Highly pathogenic avian influenza must be diagnosed by virus isolation and identification. It usually takes at least 3~5 days for virus isolation and subtype identification. The pathogenicity of the virus must be finally determined by artificial intravenous inoculation of non-specific pathogen chickens (SPF chickens).

　　What is the standard for diagnosing highly pathogenic avian influenza stipulated in the technical specification for prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza issued by the Ministry of Agriculture? According to the Notice of the Ministry of Agriculture on Printing and Distributing Seven Technical Specifications for Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (Nongbanmu [2002] No.74), highly pathogenic avian influenza can be confirmed to have occurred under the following circumstances: ① There are typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, acute onset and high mortality, and Newcastle disease and toxic diseases can be excluded, and serological tests are positive. ② Avian influenza serotypes H5 and H7 were seropositive in the poultry that were not immunized. ③ Avian influenza virus strains of H5 and H7 subtypes or other subtypes were isolated from poultry flocks.

　　According to the virulence, avian influenza is divided into several categories, how to identify it?

　　Influenza viruses are divided into highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HP avian influenza virus), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LP avian influenza virus) and non-pathogenic avian influenza virus (NP avian influenza virus) according to their pathogenicity. In view of the importance of HP avian influenza virus, the relevant identification standards and procedures are introduced as follows:

　　The World Organization for Animal Health classifies highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses as follows:

　　(1) Eight susceptible chickens aged 4-8 weeks were inoculated with 02 ml of 1∶10 diluted allantoic fluid infected with influenza virus by intravenous injection, which could cause 6-7 or 8 chickens to die within 10 days after inoculation. These influenza viruses should be highly pathogenic.

　　(2) The isolate can kill 1~5 chickens, but the virus is not H5 or H7 subtype, so the following experiments should be carried out: Inoculate the virus on the cell culture, and observe whether it causes cell pathological changes or forms plaque when trypsin is lacking. If the virus cannot grow on cells, the isolate should be considered as a non-highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

　　(3) When all H5 and H7 strains with low pathogenicity and other viruses can grow on cells lacking trypsin, the amino acid sequence of peptide chain related to hemagglutinin should be analyzed. If the analysis results are similar to other highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, this tested isolate should be considered as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

　　How to collect and separate the samples of the pathogen after the occurrence of avian influenza?

　　The diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the sample, the storage and transportation process of the sample before laboratory treatment. Samples of respiratory viruses used for cell culture, chicken embryo inoculation and direct detection of virus antigens or nucleic acids should be collected 3 days after the onset of flu symptoms. Avian influenza is mainly infected by respiratory tract and digestive tract. Therefore, the samples collected from the upper respiratory tract of mammals and birds are suitable for the identification and diagnosis of influenza virus. There are three types of upper respiratory tract swabs: nasal cotton swabs, throat cotton swabs and tracheal cotton swabs. Slaughtered or dead mammals should collect samples in the lower respiratory tract, which are divided into three types: tracheal cotton swab, bronchial cotton swab and lung tissue. Avian samples should be collected in the respiratory tract and most of the digestive tract. The virus samples collected include cloacal cotton swabs and feces, among which cloacal cotton swabs can be collected from live chickens or slaughtered chickens. Collecting feces samples from chicken coops or the environment is a common sampling method, but it has the disadvantage of not being able to determine the exact source of samples. If it is suspected that dead birds contain highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, representative internal organs such as brain, spleen, heart and lung should also be collected.

　　If you want to detect the virus directly by immunofluorescence staining of infected cells, then the collected disease materials should be placed in an ice bath and the samples should be processed within 1~2 hours. Samples used for virus isolation should be frozen in the refrigerator immediately after sampling, and inoculated into sensitive cells or chicken embryos as early as possible. If the sample cannot be processed within 48~72 hours, it should be frozen at -70℃ or below. If the test tube containing the sample is not sealed, or the plastic bag containing the sample is not tightly sealed, the sample cannot be transported or stored in dry ice. Because once the dry ice comes into contact with the diseased sample, it can quickly inactivate the influenza virus that may exist in it.

　　The collected samples should be placed in a suitable transport buffer to ensure the isolation of the virus. At present, there are some transport buffers suitable for different virus samples, such as Hanks balanced salt solution, cell culture medium, phosphate buffer, tryptone-phosphate broth, calf beef soup and sucrose phosphate buffer, etc. In these transport buffers, 0.5% ~ 1% protein, such as bovine serum albumin and gelatin, should be added, and antibiotics should be added to prevent the growth of bacteria.

　　How to collect and transport pathological samples?

　　Pathological samples should generally be taken from dead or live birds in the early stage of infection or acute stage of onset. Dead birds collected tissue samples such as trachea, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and cloaca. Live birds should be smeared with sterilized cotton swabs of different sizes on throat, trachea or cloaca. Cotton swabs with secretions should be put into broth containing 1 000 international units of penicillin, 2 000 micrograms of streptomycin and pH 72 ~ 76 per ml. When there is no broth, Hanks solution or 25%~50% glycerol saline can be used. The concentration of antibiotics used in feces and cloaca cotton swabs should be increased.

　　Transportation and storage of samples: if the collected samples are inspected within 48 hours, they can be stored at 4℃; Otherwise, it should be stored at low temperature (-70℃ is the best).

　　What are the diagnostic methods and procedures for highly pathogenic avian influenza?

　　(1) Epidemiology Avian influenza virus has a wide range of hosts, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and pheasants, and wild birds, waterfowl and seabirds. Among them, chickens and turkeys are the most harmful after being infected with avian influenza virus, and more viruses are isolated from ducks than other poultry. Birds of all ages can be infected.

　　Avian influenza virus is mainly transmitted through direct contact and indirect contact between infected birds (including equipment in contact with infected birds). In addition, poisonous birds or waterfowl often become the source of infection, causing a large number of diseases and deaths of poultry.

　　(2) The incubation period of clinical symptoms of avian influenza varies from several hours to three days. The incubation period depends on the virulence and dose of the infected virus, the route of infection, the species of infected birds and the state of the birds. Acute infection of avian influenza has no specific clinical symptoms. In a short time, loss of appetite, sudden rise of body temperature, respiratory symptoms, diarrhea and neurological symptoms can be seen. With a large number of deaths.

　　(3) Pathological changes The pathological changes of avian influenza vary with the virulence of the infected strain, the duration of the disease and the species of birds. The main manifestations are head swelling, fleshy beard, crown bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding and edema of legs and toes, glandular stomach nipple bleeding and salpingitis.

　　(4) Etiological diagnosis-virus isolation needs to be completed by the national laboratory.

　　(5) Serodiagnosis At present, the methods used for avian influenza detection include avian influenza virus isolation, agar diffusion (AGP) test, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), virus neutralization test (SN), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence technology (IF) and nucleic acid probe technology.

　　Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin typing antigen and standard typing serum were provided by Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and operated according to the instructions.

　　In a word, the diagnosis of avian influenza, the isolation and identification of laboratory viruses and the pathogenicity test all take a long time and cost a lot. Only a few laboratories can carry out this inspection, and they can’t make a diagnosis within a short time (48 hours) after receiving the inspection samples, and the diagnosis lags behind the requirements of taking measures on the spot. The faster and earlier the diagnosis of avian influenza is made, the smaller the loss will be. When bird flu is suspected, it is very important to report the epidemic situation in time so as to obtain timely diagnosis from relevant experts.

　　How to make a differential diagnosis of avian influenza?

　　Because the epidemic characteristics, symptoms and pathological changes caused by avian influenza infection are similar to some infectious diseases of poultry, it is necessary to make differential diagnosis in time, such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious rhinitis, mycoplasma disease, chlamydia disease, egg drop syndrome, etc. Especially the mixed infection or secondary infection of some diseases makes the condition more complicated, which makes diagnosis difficult or easy to be misdiagnosed. Therefore, the differential diagnosis is very important.

　　The first is the differential diagnosis with Newcastle disease. The epidemic characteristics, symptoms and pathological changes of avian influenza are very similar to those of Newcastle disease in chickens. Generally speaking, the incubation period and course of highly pathogenic avian influenza are shorter than those of Newcastle disease in China at present. The symptoms such as dyspnea, hydrops in crop and mouth, cooing when dyspnea, typical neurological symptoms and conventional typical pathological changes are all more obvious and characteristic than avian influenza. In addition, the emergency immune effect of Newcastle disease on the spot is all related to avian influenza. However, some of them are not obviously different. The accurate differential diagnosis of the two diseases can only rely on laboratory diagnosis. The simplest and most practical methods are virus isolation and hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). Newcastle disease antiserum can not inhibit the hemagglutination of avian influenza virus, and vice versa.

　　According to the comprehensive analysis of epidemic characteristics, symptoms, pathological autopsy and laboratory examination (etiology, serology), avian influenza can be distinguished from other epidemics. Similarly, secondary or complicated bacterial or viral diseases can be determined by pathogen isolation and some detection methods.

　　Excerpted from "Questions and Answers on Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza" by China Agricultural Publishing House.