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　　The picture shows the members of the garbage transfer team of Thunder God Mountain hospital Property Management Team taking a group photo. Information photo

　　In Thunder God Mountain hospital, Wuhan, because of them, the daily work of cleaning and disinfection, public security patrol, and distribution of lunch boxes can operate in an orderly manner. They are the Thunder God Mountain hospital property management team with more than 400 people.

　　On February 16th, Yang Ling, the business backbone of the property company of Wuhan Real Estate Group with 11 years of clinical nursing experience, learned that the ICU ward in Thunder God Mountain hospital was officially opened, and volunteered: "I have experience, and I will not enter the ICU ward!"

　　Under her leadership, four members of the property management team undertake the cleaning work of two ICU wards and nurse stations, and work for more than 10 hours every day. In addition to normal cleaning, Yang Ling is also responsible for the disinfection and sterilization of equipment and beds in an ICU ward. "There is a 1.2-meter-high large trash can next to each patient’s bed, and on average, more than 30 bags of medical waste are cleared and transported every day." Yang Ling said.

　　Before the outbreak, Chen Weiwei was a full-time network car driver. At 11: 00 pm on January 27th, seeing the news of recruiting Thunder God Mountain hospital property personnel in the circle of friends, he made a consultation call and signed up two days later. "Just like when I chose to be a soldier, I want to do something meaningful." Since entering Thunder God Mountain hospital on February 2nd, Chen Weiwei and 30 team members have been responsible for the medical waste transfer in 32 wards.

　　Just arrived in Thunder God Mountain hospital, Chen Weiwei and his companions are responsible for the removal of 100 bags of garbage every day. With the increase in the number of patients admitted, this number is rising, with 600 bags and 1,000 bags … … On the heaviest day of the task, Chen Weiwei got off work at 3: 30 in the morning and went back to the dormitory to sleep for more than three hours before continuing to work.

　　"Chen Weiwei is coming to collect garbage, and the garbage dump in the A16 ward is full." The news in the WeChat working group has hardly been broken. As the team leader, no matter who called, Chen Weiwei replied and arrived at the first time. "Everyone is afraid of the virus, but we can’t leave it alone because we are afraid. I am willing to contribute to the fight against the epidemic."

　　Thunder God Mountain hospital’s property manager, party member Li Xuanxi, has been holding his post for more than a month. Li Xuanxi, born in 1993, is responsible for equipment maintenance and purchasing of living materials in Thunder God Mountain hospital. At the beginning, there were 12 wards in the hospital within 2 days, and the head nurses in each ward had different requirements for property work. Li Xuanxi coordinated and followed up according to the requirements of various wards, and received more than 120 calls every day.

　　In order to make an accurate property workflow, Li Xuanxi went into the isolation ward and garbage transfer team again and again to measure the task of each person. Li Xuanxi said, "There are dangers, but Wuhan has nurtured me. At this time, I want to repay this heroic city."

　　Nuclear energy, also known as atomic energy, is the energy generated when nuclear fission or fusion occurs, which is widely used in industrial and military fields. Nuclear power is the abbreviation of nuclear power generation, which is the electricity generated by nuclear power generation. Using nuclear energy to generate electricity is conducive to optimizing the national or regional energy structure, improving energy security and economy, and playing an increasingly important role in economic and social development. According to the statistics of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as of the end of January 2011, there were 442 nuclear power units in operation in the world, and the operating nuclear power plants were mainly distributed in North America, Asia and Europe, accounting for about 16% of the global power generation. There are 65 nuclear power units under construction, including 30 in China. At present, there are 13 nuclear power units in operation in China, ranking 11th in the world, with an installed capacity of 11.169 million kWh, accounting for 1.16% of China’s total installed power capacity, and the annual power generation is equivalent to 31.72 million tons of coal.

　　First, the working principle of nuclear power plants

　　A nuclear power station is a power station that uses the energy released by nuclear fission or fusion reaction of atoms to produce electric energy. At present, nuclear power plants in commercial operation all use nuclear fission reaction to generate electricity. Nuclear power plants are generally divided into two parts: nuclear islands (including reactor devices) that generate steam by atomic nuclear fission and conventional islands (including turbine-generator systems) that generate electricity by steam. The fuels used in nuclear power plants are generally the chemical elements uranium and plutonium. At present, the main types of nuclear power plants in operation and under construction are PWR, candu nuclear power plant, boiling water reactor, fast reactor and gas-cooled reactor.

　　Pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant is a thermal neutron reactor which uses pressurized light water as coolant and moderator, and water does not boil in the reactor, and uses thermal neutrons to cause chain reaction. Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant, Ling ‘ao Nuclear Power Plant, Qinshan No.1 Nuclear Power Plant, Qinshan No.2 Nuclear Power Plant and Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in China all belong to this type of reactor. Candu nuclear power plant uses light water as coolant and heavy water as moderator, and the water does not boil in the reactor. It is also a thermal neutron reactor that uses thermal neutrons to cause chain reaction. Qinshan No.3 nuclear power station in China belongs to this type of reactor. Boiling water reactor nuclear power plant uses light water as coolant and moderator, but water boils in the reactor, which uses thermal neutrons to cause chain reaction. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan belongs to this type of reactor. The fast reactor nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor in which the thermal energy released by the chain reaction caused by fast neutrons is converted into electrical energy. The nuclear power plant imported from Russia and to be built in Sanming, Fujian Province belongs to this type of reactor. Gas-cooled reactor nuclear power plant is a thermal neutron reactor with gas (carbon dioxide or helium) as coolant, which is caused by thermal neutrons. So far, three types of reactors have been developed, such as natural uranium graphite gas-cooled reactor, improved gas-cooled reactor and high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The Shidaowan nuclear power plant to be built in China belongs to high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The nuclear power plants in operation and under construction in China are mainly pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants.

　　PWR nuclear power plants generally have three loops: primary loop (reactor device), secondary loop (turbine generator system) and tertiary loop (circulating water system). Nuclear fuel burns in a special form in the reactor, generating heat to heat the coolant in the primary circuit. The heated coolant enters the steam generator under the push of the main pump, which heats the water in the secondary circuit and turns it into steam, and then is sent back to the core by the main pump for reheating. This continuous cycle is called a loop. Steam enters the steam turbine through the pipeline, which drives the turbine generator to do work and generate electricity, then enters the condenser, and is cooled into water and returned to the steam generator. This steam-water cycle process is called the secondary loop. The third loop uses seawater or fresh water, and its function is to cool the steam in the second loop in the condenser to change it back into condensed water.

　　In order to ensure the safety of nuclear power plant, many safety facilities are also considered in the design, including: automatic shutdown system, reactor overpressure protection system, emergency core boron injection system, emergency core cooling system, emergency water supply system, radioactive material containment system and its supporting emergency power supply and cooling ventilation system. On March 11th, 2011, the safety system of Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan performed related functions, such as automatic shutdown and emergency diesel generator start-up. However, due to the magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami, the related systems were out of power and lost the final heat sink due to flooding.

　　According to China’s nuclear safety regulations and the recommendations of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the principle of "defense in depth" is strictly implemented in the design, construction and operation of nuclear power plants in China, and multi-level overlapping protection is provided from equipment and measures to ensure that radioactive materials can be effectively contained without leakage. "Defense in Depth" includes the following five lines of defense: careful design and construction to ensure excellent equipment and safety training of nuclear power plants; Strengthen operation management and supervision, and eliminate faults in time; Design and provide multi-level safety system and protection system to prevent equipment failure and human error from causing accidents; Activate the safety system of nuclear power plants, strengthen the management of power plants in accidents, and prevent accidents from expanding; Start the emergency response plan inside and outside the factory, and strive to reduce the impact of the accident on the surrounding residents.

　　Two major nuclear accidents and experience feedback

? 　Due to the complexity of the nuclear power plant system and the limitation of human understanding, there were two major nuclear accidents before the Fukushima nuclear accident. The accident at Three Mile Island in the United States on March 28th, 1979 had little impact on the environment. The Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986 really made people realize the potential threat of nuclear power plants. In the accident, 237 occupational workers were exposed to clinically effective overdose radiation, of which 134 showed symptoms of acute radiation and 28 died within 3 months. From 1986 to 1987, the average radiation dose of 200,000 people who participated in accident treatment was about 100 millisieverts, of which about 10% people received 250 millisieverts and a few people received more than 500 millisieverts. After the accident, about 10% of the 116,000 residents evacuated from the restricted area with a radius of 30 kilometers received more than 50 millisieverts, and less than 5% received more than 100 millisieverts. Short-term exposure of humans to radiation doses below 100 millisieverts is basically harmless. The investigation shows that the fundamental causes of Chernobyl accident are design defects (positive power coefficient, no containment, etc.) and human errors (serious violation of regulations). The Chernobyl nuclear accident is by far the most serious one (the Fukushima nuclear accident cannot be accurately evaluated at present due to the lack of specific data).

　　Through the summary and reflection of nuclear accidents, many new safety measures and safety concepts have been developed. After the Chernobyl accident, international nuclear safety group of IAEA put forward the concept of nuclear safety culture, and published the report "Safety Culture" in 1991, which was widely accepted worldwide. At the same time, nuclear operators in the world realize that any nuclear accident will have an impact on other nuclear power plants. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen exchanges and cooperation among nuclear operating units, promote effective experience feedback, and establish a nuclear safety culture to prevent nuclear accidents. In May 1989, 144 nuclear operators around the world signed the Charter of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) in Moscow, aiming at improving the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants around the world.

　　Third, the new generation of nuclear power technology and its prospect

　　After nearly 60 years of development, nuclear power has formed a complete set of systematic and complete theoretical system and accumulated a lot of operating experience. The newly designed nuclear power units are divided into two directions: one is to increase the configuration of special safety facilities to enhance the safety of the units, represented by EPR nuclear power units in France and VVER nuclear power units in Russia; Second, a large number of passive special safety facilities are used to enhance the safety of the unit, represented by the AP1000 nuclear power unit in the United States. French EPR adopts the design concept of "plus", that is, to increase redundancy to improve safety, and the safety system is increased from two series to four series, which also increases the complexity of the safety system and takes corresponding measures to prevent and alleviate serious accidents. The American AP1000 safety system adopts the "passive" design concept, which better achieves the "simplified" design principle. The safety system uses the natural characteristics of materials (gravity, natural circulation, energy of compressed gas, etc.), and does not need pumps, AC power supplies and corresponding support systems such as ventilation and cooling water, which greatly simplifies the safety system and reduces human errors. The design concept of VVER nuclear power unit in Russia is similar to that of EPR in France.

　　The accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan has once again aroused people’s concern about the safety risks of nuclear power, which will promote people’s continuous exploration of new technologies, with the aim of making nuclear energy safer, cleaner and more efficient. (Author: Party Secretary and Deputy Director of the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection)

Party flag is flying high on the front line of flood control.

?-A group of news that officers and men of the national defense mobilization system and militia participated in flood fighting and emergency rescue.

The People’s Armed Forces Department of Xinfeng County, Guangdong Province was moved at the news.

Party member backbone charge ahead.

China National Defense News Lin Xiaoqi and Pan Shiyuan reported that in recent days, affected by heavy rainfall, floods occurred in many places in Xinfeng County, Guangdong Province.

"There are people trapped in Matou Town, and the situation is critical. Rescue forces are urgently needed to transfer the trapped people." On the morning of June 18th, after receiving the rescue call, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Xinfeng County heard the order and dispatched more than 40 militiamen in an emergency, carrying rubber boats, life-saving catapults, life jackets and other rescue materials and equipment to the front line.

Landslides occurred in some sections, causing traffic disruption. Militia members use shovels, carts and other tools to clean up debris such as mud stones and branches on the road and get through the blocked roads. After arriving in Matou Town, some militia members drove rubber boats, and some waded waist-deep floods to transfer trapped people and materials from house to house.

"If the old man can’t walk, he will carry it on his back. In any case, he must ensure the safe transfer of the masses." In the face of elderly people with mobility difficulties, the backbone of party member took the lead in charging in the most dangerous places. Militia members were in groups of three, carrying old people and carrying materials, and ran again and again until all the people were transferred to safety. After the militia Chen Yuanhua carried the last old man back, he leaned against the tree and gasped. He said: "When the villagers are safe, we will be relieved."

"Give life jackets to the elderly and children, and make sure they are safe." An old man and two children in Shijiao village were trapped by the flood. Teng Zhaolin, political commissar of the county people’s armed forces department, and eight militiamen formed a party member commando team to carry out rescue. In the face of the rushing flood, Teng Zhaolin put his life jacket on the children. Everyone relayed the old man and the child to the rubber boat and moved to safety. "When we see the PLA and the militia coming, our hearts will be practical." The villagers said.

In the past few days, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Xinfeng County has dispatched more than 300 militiamen and used 4 rubber boats to safely transfer more than 200 people trapped.

The People’s Armed Forces Department of Fuliang County, Jiangxi Province was dispatched urgently.

Baili rushed to block the piping

China National Defense News Huang Shuhui reported: In the middle and late June, Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province was affected by continuous heavy rainfall. The water levels of Changjiang River and Le ‘an River, two major rivers in the region, soared, and many places suffered from different degrees of floods. There were piping dangers in many riverbanks, and the flood control situation was grim.

"There are many piping in the port section of leping city Lebei Lianyu, and your department quickly organized forces to block it." At 23: 00 on June 20, after receiving the order from Jingdezhen Military Division, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Fuliang County held an emergency deployment meeting to immediately mobilize manpower and material resources. In less than 30 minutes, 120 militiamen were assembled and all rescue materials and equipment were loaded.

"Comrades, find a soldier for one thousand days and fight for a while. It’s time to test us. Let’s add luster to party flag with practical actions … "At 0: 00 on the 21st, Ye Hongyan, Minister of the People’s Armed Forces of the county, led the militia detachment to the dangerous area overnight after a brief mobilization.

At 1: 00 a.m., they drove more than 100 miles to the port section of Lianxu, Lebei, leping city, only to see several piping outlets pouring out of the dike. Ye Hongyan and party member backbone after seeing the danger, set the plugging scheme, and act quickly. Militia members according to the plan division of labor, turn on the lights and flashlights, bagging, carrying materials, passing sandbags, blocking piping, orderly operation, busy but not chaotic. The militia members are all high-spirited and cooperate with each other. After more than 8 hours of continuous fighting, the danger was effectively controlled.

At 10 o’clock on the 21st, the militia members who fought all night forgot to rest, carried forward the fine style of continuous fighting and were not afraid of difficulties, and threw themselves into the battle of transporting sandstone and timber and strengthening dams. Although everyone is exhausted, they can’t tell whether their faces are muddy or sweaty, and many people’s hands are worn out, but no one is complaining and tired, and they have been fighting in the front line.

The People’s Armed Forces Department of Jiangyong County, Hunan Province fought continuously.

Braving the heavy rain to divert people.

China National Defense News Xie Junmin and Tang Hui reported that from 8: 00 on June 20 to 8: 00 on June 21, there was a general rainstorm in Jiangyong County, Hunan Province, with heavy rain in some areas, and the river exceeded the warning level. At 5: 00 a.m. on the 21st, the water level of the Museum of Women’s Book Ecological Park in Shangjiangxu Town rose sharply, the village was flooded and more than 300 people were trapped by the flood.

After receiving the order, the People’s Armed Forces Department of Jiangyong County quickly launched the emergency plan and organized the militia emergency company to rush to the disaster site in heavy rain. The Museum of Women’s Book Ecological Park was surrounded by floods, with a depth of 2 meters, and the terrain leading to the homes of the trapped people was complicated. After surveying the terrain on the spot, they divided the militia into two groups, one group was responsible for clearing road obstacles and the other group was driving rubber boats to carry out rescue. After six hours of fighting, more than 300 villagers were all safely transferred to temporary resettlement sites.

On the afternoon of the 21st, heavy rain fell again in Jiangyong County, which aggravated the disaster in nine townships and threatened the lives and property of some people. At 20 o’clock, the leaders of the People’s Armed Forces Department led the militia emergency detachment, carrying rubber boats, assault boats and flood control and rescue equipment, and rushed to the affected towns to carry out emergency rescue.

The roads in Gaoyun Village of Xiacengpu Town were all flooded. Under the guidance of the masses, the team members drove the rubber dinghy slowly in the fast-flowing water. Due to the complicated local water conditions, the ditches on both sides of the road are different in depth, and the sight is not good at dark, the rubber boats run aground from time to time, so the team members have to wade forward with rubber boats. Some villagers don’t want to leave home. The village party secretary took the militia to knock on the door from house to house to persuade the masses to move to a safe place to ensure that no one was left behind.

As of 8: 00 on the 22nd, they turned to Xiacengpu Town, Taochuan Town, Coarse Shijiang Town and other places, and fought for more than 9 hours continuously, transferring all 53 trapped people to safety.

?

　　At present, what are the research results of highly pathogenic avian influenza?

　　Since the mid-1990s, China has done a lot of work on the epidemiology, diagnosis, immune control and basic research of avian influenza, and obtained many research results. The diagnosis technology of avian influenza has been established: ① agar diffusion (AGP) diagnosis technology. ② subtype typing technology of avian influenza virus. ③ Molecular diagnosis and detection technology of avian influenza virus. Avian influenza vaccine development: An inactivated vaccine of H5 subtype avian influenza has been developed, which can be used for emergency immunization of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza. The live carrier vaccine of H5N1 subtype avian influenza recombinant fowlpox virus has also entered the stage of environmental release and safety evaluation.

　　How long will it take to confirm the pathogen? Do what experiment?

　　Highly pathogenic avian influenza must be diagnosed by virus isolation and identification. It usually takes at least 3~5 days for virus isolation and subtype identification. The pathogenicity of the virus must be finally determined by artificial intravenous inoculation of non-specific pathogen chickens (SPF chickens).

　　What is the standard for diagnosing highly pathogenic avian influenza stipulated in the technical specification for prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza issued by the Ministry of Agriculture? According to the Notice of the Ministry of Agriculture on Printing and Distributing Seven Technical Specifications for Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (Nongbanmu [2002] No.74), highly pathogenic avian influenza can be confirmed to have occurred under the following circumstances: ① There are typical clinical symptoms and pathological changes, acute onset and high mortality, and Newcastle disease and toxic diseases can be excluded, and serological tests are positive. ② Avian influenza serotypes H5 and H7 were seropositive in the poultry that were not immunized. ③ Avian influenza virus strains of H5 and H7 subtypes or other subtypes were isolated from poultry flocks.

　　According to the virulence, avian influenza is divided into several categories, how to identify it?

　　Influenza viruses are divided into highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HP avian influenza virus), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LP avian influenza virus) and non-pathogenic avian influenza virus (NP avian influenza virus) according to their pathogenicity. In view of the importance of HP avian influenza virus, the relevant identification standards and procedures are introduced as follows:

　　The World Organization for Animal Health classifies highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses as follows:

　　(1) Eight susceptible chickens aged 4-8 weeks were inoculated with 02 ml of 1∶10 diluted allantoic fluid infected with influenza virus by intravenous injection, which could cause 6-7 or 8 chickens to die within 10 days after inoculation. These influenza viruses should be highly pathogenic.

　　(2) The isolate can kill 1~5 chickens, but the virus is not H5 or H7 subtype, so the following experiments should be carried out: Inoculate the virus on the cell culture, and observe whether it causes cell pathological changes or forms plaque when trypsin is lacking. If the virus cannot grow on cells, the isolate should be considered as a non-highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

　　(3) When all H5 and H7 strains with low pathogenicity and other viruses can grow on cells lacking trypsin, the amino acid sequence of peptide chain related to hemagglutinin should be analyzed. If the analysis results are similar to other highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, this tested isolate should be considered as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

　　How to collect and separate the samples of the pathogen after the occurrence of avian influenza?

　　The diagnosis depends largely on the quality of the sample, the storage and transportation process of the sample before laboratory treatment. Samples of respiratory viruses used for cell culture, chicken embryo inoculation and direct detection of virus antigens or nucleic acids should be collected 3 days after the onset of flu symptoms. Avian influenza is mainly infected by respiratory tract and digestive tract. Therefore, the samples collected from the upper respiratory tract of mammals and birds are suitable for the identification and diagnosis of influenza virus. There are three types of upper respiratory tract swabs: nasal cotton swabs, throat cotton swabs and tracheal cotton swabs. Slaughtered or dead mammals should collect samples in the lower respiratory tract, which are divided into three types: tracheal cotton swab, bronchial cotton swab and lung tissue. Avian samples should be collected in the respiratory tract and most of the digestive tract. The virus samples collected include cloacal cotton swabs and feces, among which cloacal cotton swabs can be collected from live chickens or slaughtered chickens. Collecting feces samples from chicken coops or the environment is a common sampling method, but it has the disadvantage of not being able to determine the exact source of samples. If it is suspected that dead birds contain highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, representative internal organs such as brain, spleen, heart and lung should also be collected.

　　If you want to detect the virus directly by immunofluorescence staining of infected cells, then the collected disease materials should be placed in an ice bath and the samples should be processed within 1~2 hours. Samples used for virus isolation should be frozen in the refrigerator immediately after sampling, and inoculated into sensitive cells or chicken embryos as early as possible. If the sample cannot be processed within 48~72 hours, it should be frozen at -70℃ or below. If the test tube containing the sample is not sealed, or the plastic bag containing the sample is not tightly sealed, the sample cannot be transported or stored in dry ice. Because once the dry ice comes into contact with the diseased sample, it can quickly inactivate the influenza virus that may exist in it.

　　The collected samples should be placed in a suitable transport buffer to ensure the isolation of the virus. At present, there are some transport buffers suitable for different virus samples, such as Hanks balanced salt solution, cell culture medium, phosphate buffer, tryptone-phosphate broth, calf beef soup and sucrose phosphate buffer, etc. In these transport buffers, 0.5% ~ 1% protein, such as bovine serum albumin and gelatin, should be added, and antibiotics should be added to prevent the growth of bacteria.

　　How to collect and transport pathological samples?

　　Pathological samples should generally be taken from dead or live birds in the early stage of infection or acute stage of onset. Dead birds collected tissue samples such as trachea, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and cloaca. Live birds should be smeared with sterilized cotton swabs of different sizes on throat, trachea or cloaca. Cotton swabs with secretions should be put into broth containing 1 000 international units of penicillin, 2 000 micrograms of streptomycin and pH 72 ~ 76 per ml. When there is no broth, Hanks solution or 25%~50% glycerol saline can be used. The concentration of antibiotics used in feces and cloaca cotton swabs should be increased.

　　Transportation and storage of samples: if the collected samples are inspected within 48 hours, they can be stored at 4℃; Otherwise, it should be stored at low temperature (-70℃ is the best).

　　What are the diagnostic methods and procedures for highly pathogenic avian influenza?

　　(1) Epidemiology Avian influenza virus has a wide range of hosts, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quails and pheasants, and wild birds, waterfowl and seabirds. Among them, chickens and turkeys are the most harmful after being infected with avian influenza virus, and more viruses are isolated from ducks than other poultry. Birds of all ages can be infected.

　　Avian influenza virus is mainly transmitted through direct contact and indirect contact between infected birds (including equipment in contact with infected birds). In addition, poisonous birds or waterfowl often become the source of infection, causing a large number of diseases and deaths of poultry.

　　(2) The incubation period of clinical symptoms of avian influenza varies from several hours to three days. The incubation period depends on the virulence and dose of the infected virus, the route of infection, the species of infected birds and the state of the birds. Acute infection of avian influenza has no specific clinical symptoms. In a short time, loss of appetite, sudden rise of body temperature, respiratory symptoms, diarrhea and neurological symptoms can be seen. With a large number of deaths.

　　(3) Pathological changes The pathological changes of avian influenza vary with the virulence of the infected strain, the duration of the disease and the species of birds. The main manifestations are head swelling, fleshy beard, crown bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding and edema of legs and toes, glandular stomach nipple bleeding and salpingitis.

　　(4) Etiological diagnosis-virus isolation needs to be completed by the national laboratory.

　　(5) Serodiagnosis At present, the methods used for avian influenza detection include avian influenza virus isolation, agar diffusion (AGP) test, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, neuraminidase inhibition (NI) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), virus neutralization test (SN), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence technology (IF) and nucleic acid probe technology.

　　Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin typing antigen and standard typing serum were provided by Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and operated according to the instructions.

　　In a word, the diagnosis of avian influenza, the isolation and identification of laboratory viruses and the pathogenicity test all take a long time and cost a lot. Only a few laboratories can carry out this inspection, and they can’t make a diagnosis within a short time (48 hours) after receiving the inspection samples, and the diagnosis lags behind the requirements of taking measures on the spot. The faster and earlier the diagnosis of avian influenza is made, the smaller the loss will be. When bird flu is suspected, it is very important to report the epidemic situation in time so as to obtain timely diagnosis from relevant experts.

　　How to make a differential diagnosis of avian influenza?

　　Because the epidemic characteristics, symptoms and pathological changes caused by avian influenza infection are similar to some infectious diseases of poultry, it is necessary to make differential diagnosis in time, such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious rhinitis, mycoplasma disease, chlamydia disease, egg drop syndrome, etc. Especially the mixed infection or secondary infection of some diseases makes the condition more complicated, which makes diagnosis difficult or easy to be misdiagnosed. Therefore, the differential diagnosis is very important.

　　The first is the differential diagnosis with Newcastle disease. The epidemic characteristics, symptoms and pathological changes of avian influenza are very similar to those of Newcastle disease in chickens. Generally speaking, the incubation period and course of highly pathogenic avian influenza are shorter than those of Newcastle disease in China at present. The symptoms such as dyspnea, hydrops in crop and mouth, cooing when dyspnea, typical neurological symptoms and conventional typical pathological changes are all more obvious and characteristic than avian influenza. In addition, the emergency immune effect of Newcastle disease on the spot is all related to avian influenza. However, some of them are not obviously different. The accurate differential diagnosis of the two diseases can only rely on laboratory diagnosis. The simplest and most practical methods are virus isolation and hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). Newcastle disease antiserum can not inhibit the hemagglutination of avian influenza virus, and vice versa.

　　According to the comprehensive analysis of epidemic characteristics, symptoms, pathological autopsy and laboratory examination (etiology, serology), avian influenza can be distinguished from other epidemics. Similarly, secondary or complicated bacterial or viral diseases can be determined by pathogen isolation and some detection methods.

　　Excerpted from "Questions and Answers on Prevention and Control of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza" by China Agricultural Publishing House.

Previously on Observer Network Synthesis: The FBI seems to be Trump’s "savior" who has been lagging behind in the election. It not only restarted the "mail door" investigation at a critical moment, but also denied that Hillary accused Trump of improper contact with Russia. There is evidence to support it.

Another important character who influenced the election, Assange, has even "evolved" to predict Hillary’s emotions. He described Hillary as "even losing her mind in pursuit of ambition", and Hillary was "sure enough" angered by the protester’s sentence "Clinton is a rapist".

Previously, she has been trying to show a rational and calm temperament, and often publicly accused Trump that "people who are easily angered on social media are not suitable for mastering nuclear weapons."

After this wave, according to the latest polls, the election situation has reached a "rebalancing".

On November 1, Hillary rarely got angry at the campaign rally.

Hillary rarely gets angry.

On November 2nd, the US Chinese website quoted New York Post as saying that on Tuesday (2nd) night, Hillary Clinton lost her temper in front of a protester in a rare campaign rally.

At a rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a protester shouted, "Bill Clinton is a rapist!"When Hillary heard it, she pointed her finger at the protester to fight back.

She said: "You know, I am sick and tired of these negative, dark, divisive, dangerous and angry Trump supporters (I am sick and tired of the negative, dark, divisive,
dangerous vision and behavior from people who support Donald Trump)”。

In fact, this is not the first time that protesters have expressed their anger at Hillary’s campaign rally in this way, but Hillary’s reaction this time is indeed abnormal.

"We will not retreat, we will move forward to a better future." The supporters in the audience shouted Hillary’s name to cheer for it. Protesters who shouted "Clinton" was a rapist were expelled from the venue.

Earlier, Hillary Clinton questioned Trump in public more than once that he was easily angered. In the third TV debate, she also criticized Trump "as an easily angered person. How can such a person be the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces of the United States? Will the world be safe by giving the US nuclear weapon password to someone who is easily angered by a Twitter? " She also said that a mature diplomat will not talk lightly about war. War is never the first option, and reason must always overcome sensibility.

At the Democratic Party Congress held in Philadelphia in July, Hillary Clinton also made similar remarks: "Imagine him in the Oval Office (the President’s Office of the White House). For a real crisis, a person who can be defeated by Twitter is not someone we can entrust with nuclear weapons."

Assange: Hillary ClintonMy heart is full of ambition, and it is morbid.

Russian satellite news network reported on November 3rd that julian assange, editor-in-chief of Wikileaks website, said in an interview with Russian TV Today that she felt very sorry for Hillary Clinton, the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party of the United States, who was "full of ambition".

Data map: Assange

Assange said, "I actually feel sorry for Hillary, because her heart is full of ambition, and she has reached a morbid state, even losing her mind in pursuit of ambition."

Lawyer Assange said earlier that if Hillary wins the election, the security threat to the editor-in-chief will increase significantly.

Assange also pointed out that Hillary’s campaign team’s statement about Russia’s intervention in the US election is false. He also refuted Russia’s assertion that Wikileaks broke the news.

Assange said: "The Hillary team successfully set off a wave of new McCarthyism. Hillary Clinton has made false statements more than once before, saying that 17 intelligence agencies in the United States have concluded that Russia is the source of Wikileaks, which is incorrect. "

Assange told the press conference of the 10th anniversary of Wikileaks in early October this year that the website would expose all documents related to the US presidential election before November 8th.

Poll: Trump’s odds are increasing　"invisible voters" may assist

According to the China Journal website reported on November 3rd, Trump’s odds are increasing. A recent follow-up poll shows that Trump’s support rate is 5.4 percentage points higher than that of Democratic rival Hillary Clinton. Analysts also pointed out that a group of "invisible voters" who are unwilling to admit supporting Trump verbally but secretly vote for Trump will send the controversial billionaire to the White House.

On November 2, the latest follow-up poll released by Los Angeles Times showed that Trump’s support rate was 47.8%, which was 4 percentage points higher than last week, while Hillary’s support rate dropped by 3 percentage points to 42.4% now. This is the first time since May this year that a poll showed that Trump was ahead of Hillary.

Recent polls show that Trump’s support rate has been equal to Hillary.

Before the polling day, the donis College of the University of Southern California and the Los Angeles Times conducted a follow-up poll. They asked about 3,000 Americans about their voting intentions every day in order to grasp the changing trend of the election.

The New Zealand Herald also published an article on November 3, saying that based on the early voting data and a political theory called "Bradley effect", many voters had made up their minds to support Trump, but they lied in the polls because they were afraid of being labeled politically incorrect, but they voted for Trump when they officially voted. This group of "invisible" voters is likely to become Trump’s magic weapon.

Zinia Victor, an American expert at Chatham House, a British think tank, believes that Trump has undoubtedly inspired many voters who have never participated in the general election before. "We have seen, this is a fact. Look at those who participated in the Trump campaign. They are not typical Republican voters. " Victor said, "Hillary’s supporters are not so enthusiastic … This is a problem, because during Obama’s campaign, he was able to attract a large number of voters who had never voted before to stand up for him, but according to the current early voting data, these people did not stand up for Hillary."

A similar situation occurred in the Brexit referendum. At that time, about 3 million voters who had never voted before stood up, and their appearance reversed the voting results predicted by the polls in one fell swoop, and Brexit unexpectedly won. Newt gingrich, former speaker of the US House of Representatives, said: "I believe that just like the Brexit referendum, Trump’s final vote rate is likely to be 3 to 4 percentage points higher than expected by the polls."

The practice of Paul Ryan, the current speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, confirms that the "Bradley effect" really exists. The Republican who has refused to publicly support Trump admitted on November 1 that he had voted for Trump in advance.

The American political news website "Politico" quoted a Republican in Virginia as saying: "I know many Republicans who are unwilling to admit that they will vote for Trump, and I am unwilling to admit it myself. If Hillary’s approval rating is 5 percentage points higher than Bitram’s, this will not cause any problems. Otherwise, the results on the polling day may surprise everyone. "

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　　From May, a number of new laws and regulations will be implemented one after another, involving land contracting, social security supervision and reporting, internet advertising, etc. Which one do you care most about?

　　The phased reduction of unemployment insurance and industrial injury insurance rates will continue until the end of 2024.

　　The Notice of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China on Issues Related to Decreasing Unemployment Insurance and Work Injury Insurance Rates by Stages proposes that the policy of reducing unemployment insurance rates to 1% by stages will continue to be implemented from May 1, 2023, and the implementation period will be extended to the end of 2024. In the administrative areas of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), the rates of units and individuals shall be unified, and the personal rates shall not exceed the unit rates.

　　It can be reported that the highest reward is 100,000 yuan if it is found that social security is linked and remitted.

　　The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security issued the Measures for the Administration of Supervision and Reporting of Social Insurance Funds, which will be implemented on May 1, 2023.It is clear that any organization or individual can report in accordance with the Measures if the insured unit, individual or intermediary institution is suspected of any of the following circumstances.

　　Fictitious social insurance participation conditions and illegal payment by providing false certification materials.

　　Forge or alter relevant certificates, files and materials to defraud social insurance funds.

　　Organizing or assisting others to defraud the insured to pay back, retire early or apply for social insurance benefits in violation of regulations by forging or altering files and materials.

　　After an individual loses his eligibility for social insurance benefits, he or the relevant beneficiary fails to fulfill his obligation to inform or conceal the facts and enjoys social insurance benefits in violation of regulations.

　　Other cases of fraudulent acquisition, embezzlement or misappropriation of social insurance funds.

　　This method, together with the Interim Measures for Rewarding Supervision and Reporting of Social Insurance Funds, defines the reward standard for reporting.According to the amount of social insurance fund losses caused by verified illegal acts, it is calculated according to a certain proportion, and the maximum amount does not exceed 100,000 yuan.

　　The "Administrative Measures for Internet Advertising" and "Shangxin" regulate pop-up advertisements.

　　The newly revised Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising will come into effect on May 1st. The "Measures" refine the advertising supervision rules in key areas such as "soft-text advertisements", Internet advertisements with links, competitive ranking advertisements, advertisements published by algorithm recommendation, advertisements published live on the Internet, and advertisements subject to censorship in disguise; The jurisdiction of advertising spokespersons has been added. Among them, except in the case that laws and administrative regulations prohibit the publication or disguised publication of advertisements, if goods or services are promoted through knowledge introduction, experience sharing, consumption evaluation and other forms, and purchase methods such as shopping links are attached, the advertisement publisher shall clearly indicate "advertisement".

　　Wildlife protection and habitat strengthening have received more attention.

　　The newly revised Wildlife Protection Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been implemented since May 1st. This law strengthens the protection of wildlife habitats and refines the measures for regulating wildlife populations. The law explicitly prohibits the consumption of wildlife under special state protection, terrestrial wildlife with important ecological, scientific and social values under state protection and other terrestrial wildlife, and prohibits hunting, trading and transporting terrestrial wildlife that naturally grows and breeds in the wild environment for the purpose of eating; And increase penalties for related violations.At the same time, it is stipulated that in an emergency situation where wild animals endanger personal safety, those who take measures to cause damage to wild animals will not bear legal responsibility according to law.

　　Recruitment will highlight the recruitment of high-quality soldiers.

　　The newly revised "Regulations on Conscription Work" came into effect on May 1, providing a strong guarantee for the replenishment and reserve of military personnel, the construction and consolidation of national defense and a strong army.There are six innovations in this revision, including highlighting the recruitment of high-quality soldiers, establishing a comprehensive evaluation and selection mechanism, clearly focusing on college students, and giving priority to ensuring the recruitment of college graduates and soldiers with special requirements for political, physical conditions or professional skills; Eligible retired soldiers can join the army again and give priority to the original army or the same type of post.

　　Remember the heroes and martyrs! The school is required to organize students to participate in the martyrs’ public sacrifice in an appropriate way.

　　The newly revised "Measures for Martyrs’ Public Sacrifice" will be implemented as of May 1st.Among them, it emphasizes the educational role of public sacrifice activities for young people, and requires schools at all levels and types to organize students to participate in martyrs’ public sacrifices in an appropriate way and strengthen patriotism, collectivism and socialism education.Standardize mass memorial activities, clarify that units and individuals should carry out memorial activities in a civilized and orderly manner, and accept the management of martyrs memorial facilities protection units, which provides principled guidance for individual citizens or relevant units to organize memorial activities for martyrs.

　　The validity of Hong Kong and Macao residents’ travel permits to and from the Mainland is extended.

　　In order to protect the rights and interests of Hong Kong and Macao residents travelling to and from the Mainland in accordance with the law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Exit-Entry Administration decided to extend the validity period of Hong Kong and Macao residents’ travel permits from May 8. People’s Republic of China (PRC) Exit-Entry Administration decided,For the Home Visit Permit with the expiry date of January 1, 2020 to December 30, 2023, the validity period is extended to December 31, 2023.The holder of the above-mentioned original Home Visit Permit can go through the entry-exit border inspection procedures and travel to and from the Mainland with the certificate; After entering the mainland, you are allowed to go to the nearest exit-entry administration department of the public security organ at or above the county level to apply for a new Home Visit Permit.

　　It is clear that securities and futures institutions may not force the collection of information such as faces.

　　The Measures for the Administration of Network and Information Security in Securities and Futures Industry came into effect on May 1st. The Measures put forward assessment requirements for the necessity and safety of core institutions and operating institutions to collect customers’ biometric features.It is clear that biometric features such as face, gait, fingerprint, iris and voiceprint should not be used as the only way to authenticate customers, forcing customers to agree to collect their personal biometric information.

　　The new rules are clear! The rural land contract will be terminated in the following circumstances

　　The Measures for the Administration of Rural Land Contract shall come into force on May 1st. It is clear that,During the contract period, the contract is terminated under any of the following circumstances: the contractor dies; The contractor voluntarily returns all the contracted land; All the contracted management rights of land are transferred; The contracted land has been completely expropriated; Other circumstances stipulated by laws, regulations and rules.