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FC games that made us ＂friends＂ in those years.

For the players of our time, the most interesting game is always FC game.

Because at that time, all the friends around us were there, and a large group of people gathered together, and the day passed unconsciously.

There are many FC games that can be played by two people, and two people need to work together. But most of the time, two players frame each other and intrigue each other for fun.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

Einstein once said: If you don’t cooperate in playing FC games, what is the meaning of life?

In those days, many players even fell out because of playing games, and later they made up happily because of playing games. ….

This is our childhood!

Today, Xiaobian takes you back to the classic FC games that can be played by two people.

The first thing I have to mention is this most representative two-player cooperative game.

This game can be said to play FC games to the extreme.

All the classic games in the games once released by Kelemei are brought together, creating a generation of classic masterpieces.

In the game, players can play Contra, Soldier Bees, Demon City, Road Racing and Salomon Snake.

In addition, there are various funny elements and cute painting styles, and the operation freedom is extremely high.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

If you want to select the most fun FC game, then this game is definitely in the top three.

Interaction is the essence of this game. Players can frame each other or cooperate with each other. Players can even throw teammates as weapons.

The game has all kinds of possibilities for two people to cooperate, which other games can’t understand.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

If you want to say the most far-reaching game in the FC era, it is definitely a blood series.

Blood series are all classic FC games. Blood series include: blood basketball, blood football, blood dodgeball, blood die-hards, blood time drama, blood colleges, blood story and blood sports meeting. ….

The playability of the game is very high, and there are various funny elements.

Every work is a battle scene full of gunpowder, and players with good feelings can immediately become "enemies" after playing it.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

Easy and cheerful climbing game!

You can’t frame teammates or pit each other in the game, which is a rare classic of cooperation.

The game is not difficult, and the gameplay and arcade have hardly changed much.

At that time, this cassette was very expensive, and there was only one game on a cassette.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

This game has a great degree of freedom, so players can choose the difficulty, and they can also choose whether to turn on the mutual mode between players.

Generally, players choose the cooperation mode and have a pleasant customs clearance together.

Of course, many people like to choose a mode that can hurt each other, and killing another player can add life. In addition, they can pinch each other in many traps and dangerous places.

However, what made Xiao Bian most gratified in those days was this giant Han who threw me out at the critical moment, but he was sucked out.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

If this game works well together, it can end in ten minutes.

But it was too difficult for players in those days to cooperate well.

If you are not careful, you will be dragged to death, and then the two will start to pinch each other. At the third level, you will start to beat the speed, and if you slow down, you will be directly killed.

In addition, the game can borrow life, and many great gods died in this setting.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

The most common FC game is also the most classic FC game.

The gameplay is very simple, but I can’t jump when I meet my pig teammates. That’s anxious!

You know, the most embarrassing setting of this game is jumping, and there is no inertia at all

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

You may be brave and good at fighting, but when you meet a teammate like a pig, no matter how many lives you have and how powerful you are, it’s over.

The base setting in the game has caused many players to die "unjustly"!

The average player can’t play this game for a long time because many players can’t grab props and blow up the base.

Of course, there are many times when we can’t hold our ground and are stormed by enemy tanks. After all, the base wall is fragile.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

The jump of Shuangjielong series needs AB to press at the same time, which is the most difficult operation, but there are many places that need to jump in the later stage of the game. And if you don’t dance well, you just hang up.

Every character in the game has only one life, and he will never appear again after he dies. This greatly increases the difficulty of the game.

In the double mode, few people can make it to the last level and see mummies.

Most players either made mistakes or were killed by teammates.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

SNK was a very good fc game for two players in his early years. The fluency of the game was very high, and it was a rare boutique of that era.

The game is a transplanted version of arcade. Although the picture quality is greatly reduced, the hot and refreshing fighting feeling is truly reflected.

Battle in Cuba is very similar to another SNK game "Rage", and the gameplay is the same. They are both plane shooting games.

There are many hostages in the game that can be saved. If you are unlucky, you will lose points if you accidentally kill the hostages.

This game needs good cooperation, which can quickly clear all enemy soldiers and ensure smooth customs clearance.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

Players were speculating before the start of each game. At that time, everyone liked to use planes and could run around in the sky without space restrictions.

Later players confirmed that it is actually the best to use jeep.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

This game is a classic, but it is too difficult. If you die in singles, you have to start over.

Fortunately, there is an enhanced version in the later stage, so that the player will not die after being hit, so as to get through the customs.

In the game, players need to keep eating energy and strengthen firepower, speed and satellites.

If two people cooperate, the difficulty can be reduced a lot.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

The bomb used in the game is very powerful, and players without accuracy can’t smash an enemy tank for half a day.

The essence of this game lies in the rescue of hostages. Saving a certain number of troops or officers can increase a lot of firepower.

At that time, we were just taking hostages, never discussing, and we just started to rob. Anyway, two people will die in the first few levels, so it’s better to rob people with a good time.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

The extremely difficult game, the attack judgment is very strange, and it hangs up if you don’t pay attention.

There are grenades, pistols and missiles in the game that can be used to attack the enemy. There are not many props, but we like to grab them in those days.

Generally, it’s good to pass a level, and not many players can pass the next level at that time.

If two people cooperate, the difficulty will be relatively reduced.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

The Teenage Ninja Turtles series is classic, and almost all versions can be doubles.

The game can be closed continuously, so you don’t have to worry about being hung up halfway. However, the BOSS settings are quite powerful, and players need to use blood-consuming skills to fight hard.

FC games that made us "friends" in those years.

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Creative judgment of utility model patent

Patent involved

editorial comment/note

Recently, a series of requests for invalidation for the utility model patent of "Integrated Self-timer Device" of Yuandesheng have attracted wide attention in the industry. To this end, this newspaper specially invites experts to clarify the relevant examination standards and principles in the patent invalidation procedure in combination with the focus of controversy in the case, and explore why the patent is "invalid", in order to help enterprises improve the quality of patents and improve the level of protection.

Creativity is one of the substantive conditions for an invention to be granted a patent right, and it is the legal issue with the highest proportion involved in the substantive examination of patent application, patent invalidation procedure and patent administrative cases, so its examination standard has also become the most concerned issue for patent applicants or patentees, courts and even the public.

Fact finding in creative judgment

In the examination practice, because the utility model patent involves the specific structure of the product, it is difficult to avoid the comparison between the specific technical features of the technical scheme when comparing the features. If the specific technical features are isolated and the integrity of the technical scheme is split in the comparison process, simply and mechanically comparing the words will lead to unclear facts and affect the conclusion of the examination. This problem is fully reflected in a series of patent invalidation request cases of "integrated selfie device", and objectively and accurately identifying the facts is the basis for the case to draw a correct conclusion.

In the case of a series of patent invalidation requests for "integrated selfie device", the core technical content of the patent involved is that "the stage is provided with a notch, the clamping mechanism is provided with a bending part corresponding to the notch position, and the telescopic rod can be accommodated in the notch and the bending part after being folded", which is recorded in Claim 2 of the patent involved. The claim defines that the notch on the object table corresponds to the bending part on the clamping mechanism, and the notch and the bending part form a space for accommodating the folded telescopic rod, which saves more space for accommodating the selfie stick and realizes the beneficial effect of convenient carrying. During the trial of the case, whether the above-mentioned bending part was made public by the existing technology became the focus of dispute between the two parties. The author will analyze how to identify the fact that the comparison document was made public from two aspects.

1. Comparison of features with the same words.

In one of the requests for invalidation, the claimant used the utility model patent with the invention name "A shooting device clamping device of hand-held remote control shooting device" as evidence (hereinafter referred to as Evidence 1) to comment on the creativity of Claim 2. The petitioner thinks that Evidence 1 discloses that the clamping structure includes a movable rod 3, both ends of which are arranged in two supporting arms in a stretchable manner, and the middle part of which is provided with a bending structure 31, and the bending mechanism 31 is located above the objective table, that is, Evidence 1 discloses the technical scheme of setting a bending part on the clamping mechanism.

Through careful analysis of the contents disclosed in Evidence 1, it is not difficult to find that the middle opening of the bending structure in Evidence 1 is used to engage with the groove on the handle, and the handle is fixed in the middle of the movable rod to facilitate the up-and-down movement of the movable rod, thus clamping the shooting equipment. This is completely different from the function and function of the bending part in the patent involved: the bending part of the patent involved has a U-shaped opening, which together with the notch on the stage forms a storage space for accommodating the folded telescopic rod, thus realizing the miniaturization and portability of the selfie stick. Therefore, although the bending structure in Evidence 1 is similar to the bending part of the patent involved in the case in terms of words and structure, the bending structure in Evidence 1 is used for coupling with the handle, and after it is fixedly connected with the handle, it no longer has any space and cannot be used for storage. Therefore, it can’t be considered that Evidence 1 discloses the bending part of the patent involved, and it doesn’t give the technical enlightenment for its acceptance.

2. Identification of the public contents of the attached drawings

In another request for invalidation, the claimant used a patent for utility model named "a hand-held remote control device for shooting" as evidence (hereinafter referred to as Evidence 2), and once again commented on the creativity of Claim 2. The petitioner believes that Figure 5 of Evidence 2 shows that the end of the fixing frame is provided with a bending part with a large opening, which is the bending part involved in the patent involved.

In patent application documents, the appended drawings are an integral part of the specification, and their function is to supplement the description of the text part of the specification with graphics, so that people can intuitively and vividly understand each technical feature and the overall technical scheme of the invention or utility model. However, only the technical features that can be directly determined from the attached drawings are public contents, and the contents inferred from the attached drawings should not be regarded as public contents.

Attached Figure 5 of Evidence 2 shows the schematic diagram of the connection between the mobile phone holder and the remote control shooting device, in which the mobile phone holder includes a holder and a connecting platform, the holder is used for placing the shooting device, and the connecting platform is used for connecting with the remote control shooting handle. Figure 5 does show that there is a bending part with the same structure as the patent involved in the case in the middle of the fixing frame, but there is no explanation about this bending part in the description of Evidence 2, and according to the analysis and understanding of the full text of Evidence 2, it can be judged that this bending part cannot be used to form a storage space, because the mobile phone fixing frame in Evidence 2 is connected with the remote control handle through the first connecting part, which is a threaded connector. The remote control handle connected by thread can’t be folded, and Evidence 2 doesn’t need to solve the storage space problem in the process of folding the selfie stick, so the setting of the bending part can’t be to solve the technical problems to be solved by the patents involved. Therefore, only on the basis of the structure shown in Figure 5 of Evidence 2, the technicians in this field can’t directly and undoubtedly determine that this structural feature can achieve the same effect as the bending part in the patent involved, and Evidence 2 does not disclose the bending part in Claim 2.

In a word, accurate fact finding is an important basis for correct feature comparison and objective review conclusion. The fact that the technical scheme disclosed in the prior art cannot be simply taken out of context, but should be considered from the perspective of the technical personnel in this field as a whole, and the technical characteristics and functions of the technical scheme should be considered as a whole, so as to accurately compare the characteristics and objectively judge the creativity of the claim. That is to say, for the technical features that support each other in function and have an interactive relationship, the technical features should be considered as a whole.

Influence of protection scope on creativity

The scope of protection of the patent right should match the technological contribution of the invention-creation. If the scope of protection is too large, it obviously exceeds the technological contribution of the invention-creation, which will easily lead to the invalidation of the claim because it is not creative at the stage of invalidation request.

As far as the case of patent invalidation request for "integrated self-timer device" series is concerned, first of all, independent claim 1 defines a larger scope. In independent claim 1, the preamble defines the characteristics of the usual self-timer device, including the telescopic rod and the clamping device, which includes the objective table and the stretchable clamping mechanism, and the connection relationship between the telescopic rod and the clamping device is defined in the characteristic part. That is, "the clamping device is integrally connected to the top end of the telescopic rod", which embodies the difference from the background technology. However, in the trial process of invalidation, it was disclosed by the prior art because it covered a large protection range, so it was declared invalid.

Secondly, the dependent claim 2 embodies the main innovation of the patent involved, that is, the notch on the stage and the bending part corresponding to the notch on the clamping mechanism form a space for accommodating the folded telescopic rod, and the telescopic rod can be directly accommodated in the notch on the stage and the bending part of the clamping mechanism after use, which can solve the technical problems of better accommodating the selfie stick and being convenient to carry. The remaining dependent claims 3-13 refer to claim 2 directly or indirectly, so that even if claim 1 is invalid due to too large a scope of protection, other dependent claims 3-13 can remain valid while dependent claim 2 remains valid.

To sum up, combined with the problem of fact finding in creative judgment, this paper focuses on the analysis of the reasons why Claim 2 was kept valid in the series of cases of "self-timer" invalidation request. Because Claims 3-13 directly or indirectly quoted Claim 2, Claims 2-13 were declared to be kept valid, which benefited from the patent involved’s well-defined patent layout, which reasonably determined the protection scope of the claim.

From the perspective of patent layout, the patents involved are based on a single technical point to construct a combination of claims to effectively protect innovative technologies. Although it is only a single technical point, the layout of claims takes into account the main innovation points, necessary technical characteristics, singleness and other factors, taking into account the principle of layered protection, narrowing the protection scope of claims layer by layer, and the layout ideas are clear and reasonable.

(Song Zuozhi Su Qing Author: Patent Reexamination Board of the State Intellectual Property Office)

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Aliens teach you to write calligraphy？ High-end cold knowledge that you must know when reading arrival

1905 movie network exclusive It’s been a long time since there was such an authentic sci-fi film. I was spoiled by the bad routine of Hollywood, and I suspected that I saw a fake sci-fi film.

If you don’t agree with each other, you will eat people and blame them. If you don’t agree with each other, you will conan the destroyer and rule the world. In the past, in our YY, aliens were either greedy and ugly beasts or godless sticks.

Fortunately, arrival, which was released these two days, finally helped us to lavage our stomachs: although aliens are still ugly, their handwriting is good-looking; Although the alien spacecraft is still awesome, people are not here for aggression … …

You see, you don’t have to fight and kill to engage in science fiction. People came to the earth not far from Wan Li, probably to teach us savage earthlings to write and write calligraphy, and it’s okay to cultivate our sentiments … …

Of course, it is not easy to learn calligraphy, and it is even more difficult to learn "foreign language" calligraphy, not to mention that we are going to learn "alien" calligraphy this time … … Before learning calligraphy with Advent, let’s master the following basic knowledge:

[Rising before watching movies: You need to know these connotations]

As a rare science fiction work with linguistics as its core, this means that "Coming" is somewhat far from ordinary fans. But after reading the following cold knowledge, I believe this work is not as "brain-burning" as you think.

I didn’t study language, but culture.

Linguistics ≠ Learning Language: What exactly is linguistics for?

As the name implies, "linguistics" is the science of studying language. Grammar, semantics and phonetics are all within the scope of linguistics. Unlike simply learning a specific language, linguistics focuses on the development of all human languages or "Chinese" at a higher level, not just on how to translate a specific language.

Language is the code to decipher civilization. Different languages reflect differences in different cultures, ways of thinking and world views, which are the focus of linguistic research.

"If it is not my race, its heart will be different." In the story of arrival, the military hired linguists to help decipher the alien language, not to learn about alien civilization, but to find out their purpose and understand their civilization.

At the same time, the military wants aliens to know our language as little as possible. In fact, it is also afraid that aliens will know our civilization level and launch aggression or colonial wars.

Sapir (left) and Wolff (right)

Have you ever dreamed in a foreign language? Sapir — Wolf hypothesis

"I think about it every day and dream at night." I wonder if you have ever dreamed in a foreign language?

We all know that to really master a language, we need to think and express it with the logic behind it. So over time, will even the world view be taken away? The famous "Sapir — That’s what the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says.

This hypothesis was put forward by Edward Sapir, a famous American linguist, and his disciple Benjamin Lee Whorf, who believed that all high-level thinking depended on language. Wolff further pointed out that people who use different languages have different feelings and experiences of the world, which is the "linguistic relativity".

If this hypothesis holds, then, as we often say, "poetry is what gets lost in translation", there is no real translation in the world. You can only abandon the inherent way of thinking, enter the world view behind the new language and acquire the new language, so as to truly feel the world built by the new language.

Think in a foreign language, dream in a foreign language, and predict the future in a foreign language?

Of course, this hypothesis has been facing controversy since it was put forward in the last century:

Supporters believe that this hypothesis highlights the cultural function of language, instead of using language as a simple tool, it emphasizes its influence on thinking and ideas;

Skeptics think that this statement is too exaggerated. Language and thinking are not simply a matter of who decides who, but a two-way interactive relationship.

And this "arrival" can be said to be another bold exaggeration of this hypothesis: when you master the nonlinear alien language, you can even predict the future.

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The breeding ponds have been cleared, the mangroves have grown, and the ＂sea guards＂ have re-＂ occupied the highlands ＂

　　The State Forestry and Grassland Administration released on the 20th that in recent years, the global mangrove area has decreased as a whole, but the mangrove area in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, in our country is increasing year by year.

　　Zhanjiang Mangrove Nature Reserve in Guangdong was established in 1990 and upgraded to a national nature reserve in 1997 with the approval of the State Council. The reserve is distributed along the coastline of Leizhou Peninsula and is divided into 37 protected areas with a total area of 20,278.8 hectares. The mangrove forest area is 7,228 hectares, accounting for 33% of the total area of mangroves in the country. It is the largest nature reserve with coastal mangrove area in our country.

　　Mangroves have dense and developed pillar roots that are firmly rooted in the silt to form stable "supports", known as "sea guards", which can withstand typhoons and waves.

　　However, in recent decades, land reclamation, wharf infrastructure, and beach reclamation have dealt a heavy blow to mangroves. According to the "China Marine Environmental Depth Report" released by the former State Oceanic Administration in 2011, compared with the 1950s, our country’s mangrove area has lost 73%. In the mid-1980s, the area of Zhanjiang mangroves dropped sharply from 14,000 hectares in the early days of the founding of New China to 5,800 hectares.

　　Since the 1990s, Zhanjiang has salvaged a number of mangrove forests and mangrove wetland ecosystems through the establishment of mangrove nature reserves. Due to the fact that the protected areas are too scattered, spanning 39 townships and surrounding populations of about 2.44 million people, it is difficult to solve historical legacy problems such as beach aquaculture and handle the relationship between development and protection.

　　In recent years, with the rectification of the central environmental protection inspector as an opportunity, Zhanjiang has taken many measures to restore and protect mangrove wetland resources, so that the ecosystem can be restored.

　　According to the Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve Administration, Zhanjiang has formulated a special plan for more than 4,800 hectares of aquaculture ponds in the nature reserve, and plans to complete the task of clearing within three years from 2018. At present, 410.5 hectares of aquaculture ponds in the core area have been cleared. At the same time, for the aquaculture ponds in the experimental area, a condominium agreement has been signed with the farmers to provide ecological compensation, so that the farmers can ensure natural tide absorption and protect the normal growth of mangroves.

　　The reporter learned that in 2018, 157 hectares of mangroves were newly afforested in the reserve, 150 hectares were newly afforested in 2019, and 960 hectares were sealed and replanted, which promoted the recovery and growth of mangroves through ecological restoration. (CCTV reporter, Shi Shaoyu)

　　(Editor, Zhang Wensi)

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The 24th China-EU Leaders’ Meeting will be held by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs： carry forward the past and forge ahead into the future.

　　The 24th China — The EU leaders’ meeting will be held in Beijing on December 7th. In this regard, at the regular press conference of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs held today (4th), spokesperson Wang Wenbin said that China — The EU leaders’ meeting is an annual meeting mechanism between the leaders of the two sides, which plays an important strategic leading role in the development of China-EU relations. This meeting coincides with the 20th anniversary of the establishment of China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership and the 25th anniversary of the establishment of China-EU leaders’ meeting mechanism, which has attracted wide attention from all walks of life in China and the international community. Wang Wenbin pointed out that the changes in the past century have accelerated, the international situation has become more turbulent, the world economy has insufficient kinetic energy, global challenges have emerged one after another, and China-EU relations are also facing new opportunities and challenges. China and Europe are partners, not rivals. The common interests of both sides far outweigh the differences. China expects the leaders’ meeting to play an important role in connecting the past and the future. Enhance mutual understanding and trust through strategic communication, strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation through pioneering and innovation, explore ways to solve problems through dialogue and consultation, and cooperate to meet global challenges.

　　(CCTV reporter Huang Huixin Kong Luyuan)

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The 2016 Nissan Sylphy was officially listed at RMB 119,000-159,000.

　　one

　　Minor changes in exterior and interior decoration

　　Fenghuang automobile preemptive test driveNissan Sylphy is a star model in the compact sedan sedan market. For a long time, it has been competing with Volkswagen LaVida for the first place in this level of sales, which shows that the strength of this car is good. However, after the upgrade, the competitors’ hard power was obviously strengthened, which made Xuanyi feel the pressure. Pressure is the driving force. Although it is still too early for a new generation, it is necessary to make a sincere mid-term change. This is the 2016 new Sylphy we are going to experience today.

　　Appearance and interior decoration, slightly changed to be pleasant.

　　Dongfeng Nissan owns both Sylphy and New Bluebird in the compact sedan market, but their positioning is different. In contrast, Sylphy is for home users, emphasizing comfort and practicality, while New Bluebird is full of personality and maverick in the face of young people who advocate themselves. Therefore, the appearance will be different. The mid-term change of the new Sylphy mainly changes in details, which brings more freshness and vitality than before, but it will not be as different as the new Bluebird, and it still belongs to the eye-catching type.

　　The change of the front face is the most obvious. A Nissan family-style "V-motion" design looks young and sporty. V-shaped chrome grille edge strip+boomerang LED daytime running light, with high recognition, can be seen from a distance that this is a Nissan. On this top-of-the-line 1.8XV Smart Edition, you can also see the black honeycomb grille, and the low beam lamp also uses LED as the light source, which is very fashionable at this level.

　　The changes on the side and back of the car are very weak. Regardless of the differences in configuration levels, it is really a bit confusing to put the old and new models together. Some grille-like designs are added to the reflective strips on both sides of the rear bumper of high-profile models to enhance the layering of the rear. In addition, the overall shape of the taillights is basically the same, but the internal light-emitting areas are different. The width indicator of the new models uses LED, and the rest are still ordinary light sources.

　　The test drive model is equipped with 17-inch multi-spoke aluminum alloy wheels, which are dynamic and are a combination of bright and black, giving people a very good visual effect. As can be seen from the configuration table, this configuration is only available for the new Sylphy 1.8L model, and the tire selection is Bridgestone Tairan, with the specification of 205/50 R17. The 1.6L models, which are the main sales force, are all equipped with 195/60 R16 tires. For ordinary users, this is a more suitable choice, which is the same as the configuration of the current Sylphy, taking into account comfort, fuel consumption and safety.

　　Sitting in the 2016 new Sylphy car, the most attractive thing is the small and dynamic new steering wheel, which will not be unfamiliar to those who are familiar with Nissan models. This is almost the same as the shape adopted by Nissan 370Z and British finidi QX70 (formerly called FX), except for the middle logo. Of course, the feel will definitely be different, and there is no steering wheel shift paddle, and it can only be adjusted up and down, but it is certain that this steering wheel of the new Sylphy will be favored by many young people.

　　Apart from the steering wheel, there is little difference in interior design between the new Sylphy and the models currently on sale, which is also reasonable for a mid-term change. In the material and workmanship of the interior, the new Sylphy also has a good performance. For home users, the soft place is soft, the craft is exquisite, the taste of the new car is not obvious, and it is just right for daily use. The only thing to say is that the piano paint panel used in the center console will reflect light when the sun is strong, and it is easy to leave fingerprints.

　　Spacious space and upgraded configuration.

　　The space is still spacious and the configuration is fully upgraded.

　　In 2016, the length of the new Sylphy has increased compared with the old model, but the wheelbase, width and height have not changed. Under the premise that the specifications of the seats in the car have not changed much, the passenger space in the car has continued the previous level. Demonstrated by a petite lady at the test drive, you can see that the back row space is very spacious and you can cross your legs at will. According to the experience of previous evaluation, Nissan’s spatial performance in the same class is indeed in the forefront. If you don’t believe me, you can ask Master Guo, who is 1.93 meters tall. He used to drive a car.

　　In addition to the spacious space, the new Sylphy also maintains the comfortable riding characteristics of Nissan models. This feeling mainly comes from the soft and body-fitting seats, and the performance of the front and rear rows is consistent, which can satisfy the whole family. Of course, we found that the new model has no electric adjustment function even if it is a top model, which is a reduction compared with the current model. Perhaps the manufacturer thinks that there is no need for regular adjustment for daily use by home users. In addition, the problem that light-colored leather is not resistant to dirt also exists, and later consumers will be equipped with cushions to solve it.

　　A 7-inch LCD screen on the center console will be equipped with the new Sylphy mid-high models. The display accuracy and touch response are good. The key is that it supports the intelligent interconnection function of mobile phones, taking into account Apple’s iOS and Android systems. Apple’s iPhone needs to be connected through a data cable, and you can use Apple’s CarPlay function when connected; The Android phone can download the NissanConnect application, use Bluetooth connection, or directly display the contents of the phone on the LCD screen of the center console through the mapping function.

　　Generally speaking, the mobile internet has become a major trend of automobiles. Nissan started supporting related equipment several years ago, and it has also been applied to some models. The new Sylphy is the beginning of decentralization and popularization to ordinary family cars.

　　People in China care about configuration. It is really convenient to connect a LCD screen to a mobile phone and get more functions. The configuration upgrade of the new Sylphy is by no means limited to this. There are also some important safety upgrades, which are called NISSAN i-SAFETY, including: FEB pre-collision brake assist system, LDW lane departure warning system, BSW lane change blind zone warning system and CTA reversing car side warning system, etc., which are leading in the same class. Of course, the above configuration is only available on the top models of 1.6XV+ and 1.8XV.

　　During the test drive, we experienced these active safety functions in the site project, such as lane departure, blind zone warning and so on, which are relatively routine and belong to the normal level. What attracts people’s attention is the pre-collision brake assist of FEB, which has been used in Tianzhu, Loulan, Hacker and other models before. After several experiences, the success rate is about 50%, and the reliability needs to be improved. The reason is that this system relies on the forward-looking camera to judge the distance and relative speed to the obstacles in front, which is worse than that with radar detection, and is easily influenced by objective factors, such as light.

　　According to the manufacturer’s personnel, the working conditions of the FEB are: the vehicle speed is between 10 km/h and 80 km/h (that is, the most commonly used speed range in cities), and the relative speed with the preceding vehicle is between 20 km/h and 25 km/h. At this time, the driver does not step on the brakes or the accelerator, and the vehicle is in a sliding state, so the pre-collision brake assistance will play a role. Compared with similar products of more advanced models, this system on the new Sylphy is still limited, but it is ahead in the same class. I hope it can be upgraded again to improve the effect in the future.

　　Another good news is that VDC vehicle dynamic stability control system, which is equivalent to ESP we often say, is equipped on all the newly selected models except the entry-level 1.6XE comfort version, which is very helpful for safety. As far as configuration is concerned, the new Sylphy not only has outstanding highlights, exclusive high-profile models, but also practical upgrades, covering most molding.

　　three

　　Daily driving, comfortable and fuel efficient.

　　Naturally aspirated power +CVT transmission is the main factor.

　　In terms of power, the new Sylphy is still equipped with two naturally aspirated engines, among which the 1.6L engine numbered HR16DE has been upgraded, providing DIS fuel dual injection and double C-VTC variable valve technology, and optimizing the internal components of the engine to reduce friction loss. With ISS intelligent start-stop system, it can achieve lower fuel consumption, with official data of 5.2L/100km.

　　Unfortunately, since all the test cars in this activity are pre-test cars, and there are no 1.6L models, we still experience the model equipped with the 1.8L MRA8DE engine, which provides the same power as the current model, with the maximum power of 102kW (139HP)/6000rpm and the peak torque of 174Nm/3600rpm. Considering the purchase tax policy implemented by the state, in fact, the 1.8L model is rather embarrassing and doomed not to be the main sales force.

　　Transmission system, except for the 1.6XE comfort version and 1.6XL luxury version, which can choose 5-speed manual or CVT, all other models have only one choice of CVT transmission (the current 1.8L 6MT is no longer available). Nissan XTRONIC CVT CVT is a product that pays great attention to comfort and economy. It is very suitable for urban use. After re-adjustment on the new Sylphy, the transmission ratio is increased to 8.7:1 (previously 7.3:1), and theoretically the fuel economy will be better.

　　The feeling of driving is not much different from that of the current Sylphy. The dynamic response of the engine is relatively direct, and the throttle is very light, so the transmission characteristics of CVT transmission are neither too tight nor too slow, and the speed will be maintained in the optimal range of torque output when accelerating rapidly. This is slightly different from the adjustment of the transmission on the new hacker and other models. The new Sylphy upper transmission emphasizes smoothness and does not simulate the feeling of shifting gears. It maintains a high speed for a long time. On the one hand, the sense of movement is not strong, on the other hand, the noise of the engine will persist.

　　It can be seen that Xuanyi’s family positioning is very clear. Presumably, when sitting with a family, no one will drive as fiercely as we do on the track today.

　　Speaking of comfort, the manufacturer said that the chassis of the new Sylphy has changed compared with the current one, mainly by thickening the rear suspension anti-roll bar and strengthening the damping of the shock absorber (about 10% increase), in order to provide better handling and increase the stability of the car body. During the test drive, I was not deeply impressed by the change of the chassis suspension. The new Sylphy is still a very comfortable family car. When passing through the speed bump, the vibration transmitted to the car is quickly absorbed, and the roll when cornering is slightly better than before.

　　The new style steering wheel looks good, feels good when held, feels lighter and more sensitive, and the body is very obedient. This is related to the adjustment of electric power steering, but as a family car, the new Sylphy’s steering will not convey a clear sense of road, and the steering wheel’s centering force is obvious, but the pointing accuracy is lacking in fierce driving. On the whole, this car is very suitable for daily driving, and overtaking in parallel will be very calm, but just don’t drive it as a sports car.

　　Test drive summary:

　　As a mid-term redesigned model, the changes in the appearance and interior of Nissan’s new Sylphy not only keep up with the latest family style, but also give people enough freshness, and are different from their brother’s brand-new Bluebird, which is also in line with the positioning of their family car. The spacious interior space, practicality and comfort continue the performance of previous models, which is also the most important place for family users. The upgrade of configuration can be said to keep pace with the times, leading the same level in some aspects, and 1.6L is the main sales force, which can enjoy preferential taxes and fees and save more fuel, and is most recommended.

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Tengshi Z9／Z9GT is pre-sold, is it a domestic luxury hunting ceiling？

[Know the way of car products] Recently, it was learned that the Z9/Z9GT officially opened for pre-sale.The pre-sale price of the new car is 339,800-419,800 yuan.. Tengshi Z9/Z9GT locates medium-sized and large-sized cars, which are built on the platform of Yi Tripartite Technology. It is reported that Z9GT will be listed and delivered in September, while Z9 will be listed and delivered in the fourth quarter.

Next, let’s take a look at the product strength of the new car with everyone.

Externally, the Z9 GT model adopts the design concept of Elegance in motion, the front face of the new car adopts the design language of solar corona, and the low front face is full of movement. In detail, the shape of the long and narrow headlight group adopts the design of the double-star crown headlight group. The front enclosure adopts three-stage design, the interior adopts diamond elements, and the two sides are designed with large air inlets.

We also saw the Tengshi Z9 sedan version at the scene.

Come to the side of the car body, adopt the slip-back car body design, emphasize elegance, adopt the design of backward center of gravity, the "Z" decorative line under the car body, and the slender car body posture. Adopt borderless door, electric suction door and hidden door handle. Equipped with 20/21-inch wheels and metal copper brake calipers. In terms of tires, the tire sizes of front 255/40 and rear 275/40 are adopted. In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the new car are 5180/1990/1500(1480)mm, the wheelbase is 3125mm, and the curb weight is 2875kg.

The tail of the car body, elegant shape, compact overall layout, equipped with a long and narrow taillight group, and the internal elements are inspired by the hourglass. Equipped with electric tail wing, the top is equipped with two-stage hollow spoiler, and the center position is high brake light.

Interior, T-shaped center console layout, three screens, including full LCD instrument+large-size floating central control screen+passenger entertainment screen. The overall design style is similar, and the materials and workmanship are more luxurious. Wood decorative boards are provided for decoration. The new four-spoke steering wheel is also equipped with physical buttons accordingly. There is a paddle behind the steering wheel to adjust the auxiliary driving function, and there is an electric four-way adjustment lever below.

In terms of intelligence, the UI design and functional layout of the dashboard and central control screen are consistent with BYD. As for the screen size and built-in chip, the official has not announced it.

A metal decorative panel has been added to the sub-instrument panel area, which provides two mobile phone wireless charging panels with the maximum power of 50 watts, which will sink when placed for charging. The shift lever and the rear physical buttons are made of crystal materials, providing a panoramic canopy of 2.1 square meters, a Divare speaker system, 128-color multi-theme atmosphere lights, and front and rear soft mirrors.

Additional storage space is provided under the auxiliary instrument panel, as well as 12 volt power supply, USB Type-A, USB Type-C, storage card slot, etc. The new car supports the optional built-in display screen of streaming media exterior rearview mirror.

The seats are advanced in design and rich in configuration, with integrated tailoring and split headrest design. The front and rear seats support electric adjustment, heating, ventilation and 10-point massage. The co-pilot is a zero-gravity seat, and the co-pilot seat is provided with a boss key, and a four-way adjustable leg rest is added. In the rear part, CLA scroll cushion length adjustment function is equipped with control screen.

Equipped with front and rear intelligent cold and warm refrigerators, the heating temperature is 35 C-50 C, and the cooling temperature is-6 C-6 C. The front refrigerator has a capacity of 4L, which can hold 6 bottles of Coke, and the rear refrigerator has a capacity of 10L, which can hold 2 bottles of champagne or 4 bottles of red wine.

In terms of power, the new car offers pure electric version and plug-in version, all of which are equipped with three motors and provide electric four-wheel drive. The pure electric version is equipped with three drive motors, one for the front axle, and the maximum power is 230kW；; The rear axle is equipped with two permanent magnet synchronous motors with maximum power of 240kW. The pure electric version will be equipped with a battery pack with a capacity of 100.096kWh, and the four-wheel drive version CLTC has a cruising range of 630km, which supports dual-gun DC charging.

For the plug-in model, the total motor power is 640kW, and the maximum power of the 2.0T turbocharged engine is 152kW. Among them, the plug-in version is equipped with a group with a capacity of 38.512kWh, with a comprehensive cruising range of over 1,100 km with full oil and electricity, and a comprehensive fuel consumption of 5.6L per 100 km under NEDC working condition.

The whole system is equipped with independent steering with double motors at the rear wheels as standard, and the maximum steering angle is 20 degrees (10 degrees). The left and right rear wheels can be controlled separately, and the turning radius is only 4.62 meters. At the same time, both pure electric and plug-in hybrid models adopt CTB battery body integration technology. The new car is equipped with air suspension, which can adjust the height and hardness of the suspension.

In terms of intelligent driving assistance, it is equipped with 33 intelligent driving sensors, including 2 laser radars, 5 millimeter-wave radars, 12 ultrasonic radars and 14 cameras, which support high-speed navigation and urban navigation. The new car is equipped with Tengshi intelligent driving system. At present, the automatic driving assistance system supporting high-speed sections can automatically drive out and into the ramp, and can automatically park.

Xiaobian has something to say:

In terms of competing products, the new car will compete with Porsche, Tesla, and. As a high-end brand owned by BYD, its technical strength is very strong. On the whole, Tengshi Z9GT is full of sincerity. What do you think of this pre-sale price? For more information about Tengshi Z9GT/Z9, we will continue to pay attention to knowing how to drive. Want to know more about new car information and car purchase market, please leave a message for interaction. Everyone must consume rationally when buying a car. (Photo/Text/Photo: Knowing the way to drive, edited by Li Sizhe)

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Six people in Wuhan affordable housing lottery exposure fraud incident were even numbered.

　　A number of housing agencies downstairs of Qingshan District Housing Management Bureau have "selling" the qualification certificate of affordable housing.

　　On June 12th, 5141 citizens from poor families in Wuhan participated in a public lottery in an affordable housing community. As a result, among the 124 citizens shaken, 6 people’s house purchase qualification certificates have serial numbers. After investigation, six people’s application materials were fraudulent, and the qualification for buying a house was cancelled. The Wuhan Real Estate Bureau said that it would review the application materials of all families in shock. Is it accidental that 5141 people get six consecutive numbers in the lottery, and the probability of one in a trillion is it? The Wuhan Housing Security Management Center said that it was indeed accidental. The real estate bureau admitted yesterday that the software used in the lottery was developed by the subordinate units of the bureau and was not tested by a third party.

　　■event

　　Shake the number 6 in the affordable room.

　　The official website of Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Land, Resources and Real Estate announced the confirmation list of the purchase room type of Block B of Yujiatou Community in Wuchang District, which provided the basic information of 124 citizens in the shake. The six serial numbers are Qiaojingfang (2009) No.00811-Qiaojingfang (2009) No.00816. Among them, 4 people shook the D apartment with 93.81 square meters and 2 people shook the C apartment with 98.91 square meters.

　　More than 5000 people shake the number, what are the chances of winning 6 consecutive numbers? The calculation result of a doctor of mathematics in Huazhong Normal University is: one in a trillion.

　　The reporter learned from the household administration department of Wuhan Public Security Bureau that four of these six people moved from Qingshan District and Hongshan District to No.1 or No.2 Changfeng Village, Qiaokou District on May 27th. The other two moved their hukou from Wuchang to Qiaokou in early June before the lottery.

　　According to industry insiders, some people have a house where the original account is located, which does not meet the application criteria. After the account is moved to other urban areas, this person becomes a "houseless household" and can apply.

　　6 people’s subscription materials are all fraudulent.

　　On the 19th, the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Land and Housing held a press conference. Leng Shande, director of the Wuhan Housing Security Management Center, said that the investigation of the six parties’ qualification certificates for purchasing houses showed that the application materials provided by these six people were all false materials, and the units that issued the income and housing certificates did not exist, and the copies of the household registration certificates were also forged. In other words, when the six parties applied for qualification certificates, their household registration was not transferred to the audit place, and they passed the audit and publicity of the qualification certificate of affordable housing with a fake copy of the household registration certificate. According to the survey, the time for six people to move into Qiaokou was June 1st and May 27th, respectively.

　　It is understood that in the "6 consecutive numbers" data, they all said that they were unmarried. In fact, Luo and Tao are married, and Luo also has a daughter. However, on the proof of their marital status, the official seal of the civil affairs department of Qiaokou District is stamped, which proves that they are unmarried. In addition, Luo’s household registration address is No.1, Changtou, Qiaokou District, and there are more than 50 people in the household.

　　The civil servants involved will be severely punished

　　At the press conference, Leng Shande said that the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Land and Real Estate ordered the Qiaokou District Real Estate Bureau to immediately revoke the purchase qualification certificate of six people and cancel the qualification of the lottery. To recover the housing, determine the object according to the alternative sequence number determined by the lottery.

　　At the same time, the real estate departments of all districts are required to conduct a comprehensive self-examination on the handling of qualification certificates, focusing on the purchase qualification certificates recently handled across regions. There are a total of 124 households in Yujiatou Community, and all the remaining 118 households will be reviewed, and no suspicious person will be missed.

　　Leng Shande said that the "No.6 serial number" parties applied for false information, involving neighborhood committees, streets, public security, civil affairs and other links, and the relevant departments are tracking down and identifying them. Once verified, all the intermediary companies and state organs involved will be dealt with seriously.

　　■survey

　　False materials have passed four levels.

　　The relevant person in charge of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Land and Real Estate said that if you want to apply for the Qualification Certificate for Urban Residents to Purchase Affordable Housing in Wuhan, you should go through several customs such as street offices, district civil affairs and district real estate departments, and the procedures are very standardized.

　　Of these 6 people, 4 settled in Changfeng Village, Changfeng Sub-district Office, Qiaokou District. On the 17th, the reporter interviewed the relevant departments to see how the four people in the "6-Company Number" managed to get through the barriers at different levels and successfully obtained the Qualification Certificate for Urban Residents to Purchase Affordable Housing in Wuhan.

　　Street office: audit according to procedures

　　According to the Measures for the Administration of Economically Affordable Housing in Wuhan, after the applicant provides proof of income, proof of housing situation, proof of household registration and identity, proof of marital status, etc., it should first be audited by the street office where the household registration is located.

　　On the 17th, Li Yonggang, director of the Social Affairs Office of Changfeng Sub-district Office, who is responsible for the application of affordable housing within its jurisdiction, told reporters that the audit procedures of the office were all handled according to procedures.

　　The reporter saw from the original application materials of these four people that Li Yonggang stamped on May 26th and submitted the materials to the minimum living security management service center of Qiaokou District Civil Affairs Bureau for approval.

　　Community: residents said that they did not see publicity.

　　After the street office has reviewed the qualifications of the applicant, the applicant’s situation should be publicized in the community. Tu Yuchuan, director of Changfeng Community, said that whether the above four people have been publicized can not be inquired now. However, some community residents pointed out that they had never seen their application materials publicized in the community.

　　Civil Affairs Bureau: Approve the materials when they are complete.

　　After the street office has passed the preliminary examination, the applicant’s information shall be submitted to the district civil affairs department for review. The person in charge of the minimum living security management service center of Qiaokou District Civil Affairs Bureau introduced that their audit conclusions were mainly based on the audit of Changfeng Sub-district Office. Under normal circumstances, after the preliminary examination, the social affairs office of the street office finds that the application materials provided by the applicant are complete and true, and they often pass the examination of the applicant and affix their official seals.

　　On May 26th, Changfeng Sub-district Office stamped the application form of these four people, and the district civil affairs department also stamped it the next day.

　　Real estate bureau: it is difficult to examine in detail.

　　After the affordable housing audit, it is finally checked in the real estate department. The relevant person in charge of the Wuhan Municipal Bureau of Land Resources and Real Estate Management said that after the street offices and civil affairs departments have made audit opinions, they will generally pass. They can’t examine and investigate the applicant’s household registration, income and other conditions in detail.

　　After the approval of the real estate department, the applicant will obtain the qualification certificate for purchasing affordable housing, which is valid for two years.

　　The industry believes that the existing affordable housing purchase review system seems to be strict, but most of the "back-end" review links such as civil affairs and real estate are only written reviews and often become a mere formality. Once the "front-end" audit links such as community and street office are broken, it will easily lead to the "failure" of layer-by-layer audit.

　　■Real estate bureau responded

　　It is indeed accidental to shake the serial number 6.

　　In the end, the lottery software has been tampered with, or is it really a one-in-a-trillion accident?

　　On the 17th, Leng Shande, director of Wuhan Housing Security Management Center, said that according to the current situation of the real estate sector, there are indeed many doubts that these people can shake affordable housing. On the afternoon of 17th, they have organized Wuhan Land and Real Estate Surveying and Mapping Center, Yaohao Software Company, and Notary Department to check the video, analyze the software, and see the specific reasons for the 6-serial number.

　　On the 18th, the person in charge of the center reiterated that after investigation and verification, no trace of artificial setting of the lottery software was found, and it could only be concluded that the phenomenon of 6 consecutive numbers was indeed a one-in-a-trillion accident.

　　Yaohao software has not been tested by a third party.

　　At yesterday’s press conference, the fairness of the affordable housing lottery software was widely questioned.

　　Where does the lottery software come from? Yesterday, Wuhan Land and Real Estate Surveying and Mapping Center, a secondary unit of Wuhan Land and Real Estate Bureau, admitted that the lottery software was developed by them.

　　Wang Xu, the chief designer of the Yaohao software, said that at the end of 2006, a set of Yaohao software was urgently needed for the affordable housing "Lihuayuan" to publicly shake the number. At that time, it took only one week to develop this set of lottery software. After completion, it was not verified and tested by a third-party organization, but it was repeatedly tested internally. The software has been modified several times in recent years.

　　The notarization of the lottery of affordable housing in Block B of Yujiatou Community Phase III was notarized by Wuhan Huanghe Notary Office. Yesterday, the notaries said that they could only notarize the procedures of the lottery and could not supervise whether there was any problem with the lottery software.

　　A reporter asked: "How can you ensure fairness when you use your own programs and keep them yourself?" The person in charge of Wuhan Housing Security Management Center said that some software needs to be further improved in the process of using, and relevant network experts and computer experts will be invited for further certification and investigation.

　　Professor He Yanxiang, dean of Computer College of Wuhan University and doctoral supervisor, suggested that according to the industry practice, a software should be tested by a third party after it is made. If there is no third-party testing, the fairness of the software will not be guaranteed, and it may harm the public’s interests.

　　■Statements of all parties involved

　　> > parties

　　The qualification certificate is purchased by an intermediary.

　　Gui, the party who shook the 6 th serial number, was very excited when interviewed by telephone. He accused the media of interfering with his normal life and bringing him great pressure. He admitted that he had asked acquaintances to help him in the bidding process, but he never paid anyone a penny in advance. Another party, Tao, insisted on the phone that he was right, "nothing to talk about with reporters" and then hung up.

　　However, a party introduced the process of purchasing affordable housing. He said that he spent thousands of dollars "buying" the "Qualification Certificate for Affordable Housing".

　　He said that when he planned to apply for a qualification certificate, he heard people say that it was easy to buy a house through an intermediary, so he "tried" to find an intermediary. He only gave the account to the intermediary company, without providing other materials, and paid thousands of dollars, and the other party helped him get the qualification certificate. He refused to disclose whether he had paid money to the intermediary before the lottery.

　　He complained: according to the regulations, many people like themselves meet the conditions of applying for affordable housing, but if they don’t follow the "hidden rules", the reality is that they can’t buy a house; On the contrary, if there is no such "hidden rule" and there is no such operational black hole, which ordinary people are willing to spend tens of thousands of hard-earned money to cheat?

　　50 thousand yuan can "shake" a suite

　　Recently, some citizens broke the news that the housing agent on the first floor of the Qingshan District Real Estate Administration in Wuhan told them that spending 50,000 yuan can definitely "shake" a house.

　　On the afternoon of 15th, the reporter went to the first floor of Qingshan District Real Estate Administration and saw a number of real estate agencies in the hall.

　　The reporter found a house at random, and talked with the boss of an intermediary company on the grounds that he needed to buy a second-hand house. The boss suggested that if you want to spend less money, you can buy affordable housing. If the registered permanent residence is in a foreign country, he can help to move the registered permanent residence to Qingshan area first, set up a separate account, and help to apply for a house purchase qualification certificate. "The expenditure of this fee is around 7,000 yuan."

　　In another intermediary company, a person in charge surnamed Xu directly told reporters that if he was willing to spend 50,000 yuan, he could help directly "buy" affordable housing.

　　The owner of an intermediary company in Xu Dong Flower Market in Wuchang District told the reporter that "it can help to get the affordable housing Lihuayuan in Wuqing No.4 Road" and "you can get it by adding a handling fee of 60,000 yuan to the total price of the house. Compared with the nearby high-priced commercial housing, it is cost-effective to pay this money. " The boss said that the purchase information is forged, but they can "apply for a certificate, register and shake the number in one train" through insider operation. "After five years, you can still sell the house without any risk!"

Scientific planting of soil improvement This year, the ＂winter leisure＂ season in Xide Zhongba Village is different!

　　CCTV News:Among the seven counties that Sichuan announced poverty alleviation this time, Xide County in Liangshan was included. Zhongba Village, Luji Township, Xide County is located in the alpine mountain area, with an average elevation of about 2000 meters. Rice is one of the key industries in Zhongba Village. In the past, after the rice harvest every year, the village entered the "winter leisure" season. But in the last two days, the reporter came to Zhongba Village, but he felt a different slack season.

　　Luo Fan, Ph.D., Sichuan Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Panxi Characteristic Crops, Xichang College;After the soil is rotated by a rotary tiller, the moist soil under its land is turned over, and it is easier to germinate after seeds are sown. Just spread an acre of land evenly like this. If it doesn’t rain for about ten days after spreading, we’ll soak it in water.

　　Taking advantage of the fine weather, experts from the rice research group of Xichang College led a team to the contiguous rice base in Zhongba Village to guide the villagers to plant two kinds of grass, namely Paeonia glabra and Medicago sativa, which is the first and most important step to improve the soil in the rice base in Zhongba Village.

　　Luo Fan, Ph.D., Sichuan Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Panxi Characteristic Crops, Xichang College;(forage grass) can absorb nitrogen from the air and transform it into soil, which can increase the nitrogen content in soil; On the other hand, when we plough it into the ground in the spring of next year, it can increase the organic matter content in the soil, so it is especially good for improving the soil. Secondly, we can harvest these two kinds of forage as silage for cattle and sheep, and its crude protein content is particularly high, so it is especially good for cattle and sheep.

　　The planting area of rice in Zhongba village is about 2000 mu, which was mainly based on traditional varieties and relatively extensive management. According to the practice of previous years, after the rice is harvested and enters the winter leisure season, the villagers will no longer carry out any management and protection. Only a few villagers will apply some farmyard manure before the spring of next year, and most villagers do not know that there are better scientific methods to improve soil and fertility.

　　Hai Laila, secretary of the branch of Zhongba Village, Xide County:We didn’t know before that the output was low and we couldn’t sell the price. Our first secretary found many experts and took us to the road of science and technology. We all saw great changes. (Now) people come to us voluntarily, and we are confident that we can get rich.

　　In order to promote industrial upgrading, increase production and income through scientific planting. In May this year, the first secretary of Zhongba Village invited experts to carry out two experiments of rice variety screening and soil improvement in the village at the same time. In the key laboratory of Panxi characteristic crops research and utilization in Xichang College, the experts helped Zhongba Village to determine three dominant varieties through yield measurement and evaluation, and also verified the significant influence of soil fertility on rice yield increase. These tests and conclusions laid a foundation for soil improvement and scientific planting in Zhongba village.

　　Liu Chao, First Secretary of the Central Radio and Television General Station in Zhongba Village, Xide County;When we start planting again next spring, we will select some high-quality rice (varieties) and build demonstration fields. After the demonstration fields are planted, people will feel that they can see tangible results when they look at them, and then we will conduct new and more variety tests. In the end, while expanding the seeds on a large scale, we will choose better varieties that are more in line with local conditions. In the end, we will achieve the way of helping the poor and helping the wisdom, so that the people can increase production and income.

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Re-understanding Language —— The Position and Evidence of Cognitive Science

　[Language Forum]

　　editorial comment/note

　　Language is an important symbol that distinguishes human beings from animals. Although language is ubiquitous in daily life, we are used to it, but I am afraid ordinary people know very little about when language was born, how it should be acquired and how it will develop. From the perspective of cognitive neuroscience, this issue of Language and Characters takes you to re-understand language and understand its mystery.

　　The history of the universe is 13.8 billion years, the history of the earth is 4.6 billion years and the history of life is 4 billion years. In the long process of life evolution, there are five levels of mind and cognition from low to high: neural level, psychological level, language level, thinking level and cultural level.

　　Based on this, we can re-understand language. Among the five levels of mental and cognitive abilities, the invention of language is very important to human beings. The invention of abstract ideographic language made people eventually evolve into human beings; Language distinguishes the minds of humans and animals, thus distinguishing the cognition of humans and animals; Language forms the basis of human cognition, and forms human thinking on the basis of abstract conceptual language. Language and thinking jointly build human knowledge system and even the whole human society, and the accumulation of knowledge forms culture.

　　From nerve, psychology to language, it is mainly the result of natural evolution; From language, thinking to culture, it is entirely human construction and human spiritual creation.

　　Evolution from nerve, psychology to language.

　　Evolution of mind

　　The evolution of 3.5 billion years of life can be regarded as the evolution of mind. From the perspective of contemporary genetic science, the evolution of mind from low level to high level determines the evolution of life from low level to high level. In other words, the evolution of the mind is fundamental.

　　The oral language of human beings came into being 6 million to 4 million years ago, and it took about 2 million years for human beings to complete the evolution of abstract ideographic language. Three great events in human evolution — — Walking upright, using fire and inventing language are mainly the result of natural evolution, but also the creation and invention of human beings.

　　Genetic archaeology proves that the common ancestor of human beings is Australopithecus africanus. So, what made Australopithecus, a relatively weak ape, finally win? The answer is language. Australopithecus invented an abstract ideographic language, which can express abstract concepts. Anthropologists and linguists have proved that the more abstract a language is, the more it can coordinate a wider range of group behaviors. Therefore, the relatively weak Australopithecus, through a wider range of group behavior, wiped out other physically stronger apes and carnivores, went out of Africa and spread their genes to the world.

　　Dual evolution of brain and language

　　In the 20th century, the research on human cognition was carried out in an all-round way from the aspects of nerves, psychology, language, thinking and culture. Among them, the study of brain and neuroscience has provided important help to uncover the mystery of human language.

　　Sperry, an American psychobiologist, conducted experiments on schizencephaly for many years after 1960s, and finally figured out the specialization and division of labor between the left and right brains: the left brain is responsible for memory, time, language, judgment, arrangement, classification, logic, analysis, writing, reasoning, inhibition, five senses and so on, and the way of thinking has the characteristics of continuity, continuity and analysis. Therefore, the left brain is called conscious brain, academic brain, language brain and logical brain. The right brain is mainly responsible for spatial image memory, intuition, emotion, body coordination, visual perception, art, music rhythm, imagination, inspiration, epiphany, etc., and its thinking mode has the characteristics of disorder, jumping and intuition. So the right brain is also called instinctive brain, subconscious brain, creative brain, musical brain and artistic brain.

　　Why is the left and right brain so divided? A team study by American scholars McNilage, Rogers and Vallotti Gallas found that the division of labor between left and right brains originated 500 million years ago, much earlier than human history, and the brains of early vertebrates were already asymmetrical. The study also found that the complex division of labor between the left and right brain of human beings originated from two primary functions that vertebrate paleontology needed for survival — — Predation (attack) and prevention of predation (defense), with the evolution of vertebrates to a higher level, the left and right brains develop more complex functions, and according to the principle that the same functions evolve on the same side, various functions of the human left and right brains are developed with complex and fine division of labor.

　　Why does language function evolve in the left brain? It is found that the action of pronunciation is similar to chewing, and chewing is related to predation. Therefore, speech and language functions have evolved in the left brain. Since the 20th century, more relevant research evidence shows that the function of language is not entirely in the left brain, but also in the right brain. Specifically, syntactic processing is entirely in the left brain, because syntax is logic. Pragmatic processing is more in the right brain, because pragmatic processing is related to context, while the defense function of the right brain is related to the environment. Surprisingly, the ability of semantic processing exists in both the left and right brain, and logic and brain function are highly consistent here.

　　Animal cognition and human cognition

　　With the evolution of the mind, language is also the product of evolution. What level of mind an animal has, it will evolve a corresponding level of language. In the book Symbolic Species: Dual Evolution of Language and Brain, American anthropologist Dickon combined human evolutionary biology with neuroscience, semiotics with anthropology, regarded human as a symbolic animal, regarded language as a process of coevolution with brain, and highlighted the role of evolution in the development of language and mind.

　　Language comes from the needs of information processing and group communication. Therefore, not only human beings have languages, but also animals have languages. Human language is an ideographic symbolic language, which can express abstract concepts, which is fundamentally different from other animal languages.

　　Language also has an evolutionary history from low level to high level, and the evolution and development of language has gone through three stages in turn: body language, voice language and ideographic symbol language.

　　In the history of human evolution, the invention of symbolic language to express abstract concepts is a major event. In ancient China, it is said that Cang Xie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor, wrote a book, but "it rains and millet, and ghosts cry at night". Why is it so earth-shattering Because the invention of language finally completed human evolution, from then on, human evolution is no longer or mainly not the evolution of gene level, but the evolution of language, knowledge and culture level.

　　Construction from Language, Thinking to Culture

　　After the emergence of abstract ideographic language, human thinking with concept, judgment and reasoning as the main forms has emerged. On the basis of language and thinking, mankind has constructed a grand knowledge system and formed a discipline system including Neo-Confucianism, engineering technology, arts and humanities, and social sciences. In the end, knowledge accumulates into culture, forming a human mind and cognitive system at three levels: language, thinking and culture.

　　From language to thinking and culture, it embodies the construction and creation of human beings, in which language plays a decisive role.

　　Chomsky:

　　The linguistic revolution is no accident.

　　In 1957, the publication of Chomsky’s masterpiece Syntactic Structure marked the beginning of Chomsky’s linguistic revolution and the start of cognitive science.

　　The content and significance of Chomsky’s linguistic revolution lie in: establishing linguistic analysis methods of rationalism linguistics and psychology; Discovering human innate language ability (ILF); Discover internal language and establish universal grammar; Establish formal language and formal grammar, and establish the language analysis foundation of artificial intelligence — — Syntactic analysis. Finally, Chomsky’s rationalism linguistics and psychological linguistics forced him to find the connection between language and mind, which eventually led to the establishment of cognitive science in 1975, so Chomsky was called "the father of cognitive science".

　　It is no accident that cognitive science originated from the linguistic revolution. According to the five-level theory of human cognition, human language distinguishes human mind from animal mind, and human language forms the basis of human mind and cognition. Therefore, it is inevitable that the revolution of cognitive science takes place in the field of linguistics.

　　Wolff:

　　The dust of linguistic determinism settled.

　　Does language decide thinking, or does thinking decide language? Before the middle of the 20th century, this was a major theoretical issue. The first person who answered this question clearly was the philosopher Wittgenstein, who clearly stated in On Logical Philosophy that "my language limit is my world limit." This is the earliest "linguistic determinism".

　　In 1956, American linguist Wolff once again put forward the theory that language determines thinking, which is the famous Wolff hypothesis, that is, the view that language forms thinking. It consists of two parts: (1) Linguistic determinism refers to the view that language determines non-linguistic processes, that is, learning a language will change a person’s way of thinking. (2) Linguistic relativity means that the cognitive process determined varies from language to language, so people who speak different languages think in different ways. After this theory was put forward, there has been a major debate. Both sides have sufficient evidence to prove their views: language determines thinking or thinking determines language.

　　After the establishment of cognitive science, the debate about Wolff hypothesis finally settled: language determines thinking, and thinking affects language.

　　We can give a deductive proof of the proposition that "language determines thinking" — — According to the five-level theory of human cognition, low-level mind and cognition determine high-level mind and cognition, and high-level mind and cognition affect low-level mind and cognition; Language is the third level of mind and cognition, and thinking is the fourth level of mind and cognition; Therefore, language (cognition) determines thinking (cognition), and thinking (cognition) affects language (cognition).

　　Searle:

　　Language constructs human society.

　　Another great discovery of language research in the 20th century is that people use language (and words) to do things. People not only use language to do everything, but also use language to construct human society. These two important theoretical contributions were founded by Oxford analytical philosopher Austin and American philosopher Searle.

　　In the early 1950s, Austin successively hosted a series of lectures at Oxford University and Harvard University, and compiled the contents of the lectures into a book "How to Act by Words and Actions", and the speech act theory was born. This theory can be summarized in one sentence: Doing things by speaking is Austin’s contribution to "shaming people who have studied language in any way for 2500 years".

　　Searle inherited the speech act theory being created from his teacher Austin, and developed and perfected it. Searle established the theory of indirect speech act, and developed the philosophy of mind, social philosophy and social constructivism through the theory of intentionality — — People use language to construct society, social system facts and social reality. This is by far the most profound understanding of the human mind and the nature of language. In 2004, Searle’s comments when he won the National Presidential Medal for Humanities wrote: "Thanks to his efforts, we have a deeper understanding of the human mind. His works have formed a blueprint for modern thinking, defensive reasoning and objectiveness, and stipulated the debate about the nature of artificial intelligence. "

　　Culture and civilization

　　Looking at culture and civilization from the five levels of cognitive science, we will get different conclusions.

　　First, culture is a form of human cognition and the highest form of human cognition. The five-level theory of human cognition reveals the relationship between language, thinking and culture, which are three unique mental and cognitive abilities of human beings, and makes us more clearly understand the essence of culture.

　　Second, language and thinking form culture, and any culture can not be separated from its own language and is determined by its own language. Different languages determine different thinking above them, and the knowledge formed by language and thinking and the accumulated culture are also different. Therefore, the diversity of language forms the diversity of culture.

　　Third, Chinese culture is the product of Chinese language and Chinese national thinking accumulated for thousands of years. The essence of Chinese culture is farming culture, and its core is the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism. Since the Han Dynasty, Confucianism and culture have become the core of Chinese culture.

　　Fourth, the foundation of Chinese studies is primary school. In addition to Classic, History, Zi and Collection, Chinese studies are based on language and linguistics, including linguistics, philology, phonology, exegetics and edition bibliography, which are collectively referred to as primary schools. Mr. Zhang Taiyan said: "Those who build primary schools are the foundation of national heritage and the end of Wang Jiao’s teaching. They promote the school first, and the next one is suitable for the people, so it is not just to draw strokes and seal characters. If you lose your original, you will be very clever. "

　　Fifth, both culture and civilization are produced on the basis of language and are determined by language. Culture is "humanization" and everything created by people. Therefore, the history of culture is as long as the history of mankind. Civilization is a recent thing, which is related to the development of the city-state. Culture emphasizes the spiritual aspect of human creation, while civilization emphasizes and expresses the material aspect of human creation.

　　 (Author: Cai Shushan, Dean of guizhou minzu university Institute of Ethnic Culture and Cognitive Science, Professor of Tsinghua University Research Center for Psychology and Cognitive Science)

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