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Editor’s Note: This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account Pineapple Finance (ID: kaiboluocaijing), author: Wu Jiaoying, editor: Jin Kun, reproduced by Entrepreneurial State with authorization.

The rushing honey snow ice city is finally going to be listed.

On the evening of September 22nd, Mixue Ice City Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Mixue Ice City") pre-disclosed the A-share prospectus, and planned to list on the main board of Shenzhen Stock Exchange.

This prospectus of yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us unveiled the layers of the tea "myth" which was founded in 1997 and moved from Henan to the whole country.

In the past, as we all know, the three axes of Mi Xue Ice City are: low price, sinking and joining. But how many stores it has opened, whether it makes money or not, and how to make money are all long-term concerns inside and outside the industry. Now, the answer is as follows:

• There are three brands under its banner: the fresh tea brand "Mi Xue Bing Cheng", the fresh ground coffee brand "Lucky Coffee" and the fresh ice cream brand "Jilatu".

• "Mi Xue Bing Cheng" is the brand of ready-made tea with the largest number of stores in China. As of the first quarter of this year, there were 21,619 stores, of which 21,582 were franchisees.

• Making money depends not on selling milk tea, but on selling ingredients, packaging materials and equipment to franchisees and charging franchise fees. Stores sell a total of 20 billion yuan a year, and the annual revenue "falling" to the account is 10.3 billion.

• The gross profit margin is low but the net interest rate is high, with a net profit of 1.9 billion a year.

• Lucky Coffee copied the style of Mi Xue Bing Cheng, lowered the price, sank and joined, and opened 636 stores in more than two years.

• To be a global ready-made beverage brand, we quietly went out to sea to Southeast Asia and opened 566 stores in Indonesia and Vietnam.

But obviously, there are still more problems to be solved around the honey snow ice city:

• 20,000 stores, touch the ceiling?

• What is the mode of making money by franchisees?

• Lucky coffee, can you copy the myth of honey snow and ice city?

• Can you find a second growth curve when you go out to sea?

As the existing tea brand with the largest number of stores in China, there are more stores in Mixue Ice City than the second and third largest stores in the industry-ancient tea, book burning grass and tea hundred roads combined.

By the end of March, 2022, the whole Mixue Ice City Company had 22,276 stores, including 21,619 stores of the existing tea chain brand "Mixue Ice City", with 21,582 franchisees and only 37 direct stores.

Financial mapping of pineapple opening

Two years after the epidemic, Mi Xue Bing Cheng stores ran wildly.

Look at the situation of the main brand first. In 2020, "Mi Xue Bing Cheng" added 5,757 franchise stores and 3 direct stores, more than twice that of the previous year. By the end of the year, its stores exceeded the scale of 10,000 stores, reaching 12,966.

Joining in 2021 is even crazier, with 7,058 new franchisees, which is close to the total number of stores in 2019, but the number of direct stores has decreased by one. By the end of the year, the number of stores exceeded 20,000, reaching 20,023.

In the first quarter of 2022, the expansion rate of stores slowed down, with 1,596 new franchisees, while the direct stores remained unchanged.

The rapid expansion of Honey Snow Ice City is largely due to the parity of brand positioning. The price of products is mostly between 6-8 yuan, which is far lower than other tea brands, which increases the purchase frequency and is also conducive to quickly seizing the sinking market with lower consumption level.

Gao Jianfeng, the founding partner of Shanghai Bogai Consulting, believes that for Honey Snow Ice City, which focuses on sinking the market and adopts the franchise model, 20,000 stores have not yet reached the scale ceiling. "The low price means a wide audience; A large number of stores are opened in non-central cities and non-central lots, and there is still a lot of space to cover, and the upper limit is relatively high; Moreover, the proportion of direct sales is very low, and there is a lot of room for expansion under the mature franchise model. "

Lin Yue, chief consultant of Lingyan Management Consulting, also believes that there is still room for expansion in the third, fourth and fifth tier cities and even counties and towns, and this has always been its "main battlefield".

More than 20,000 stores have created considerable revenue for Mixue Ice City.

In the three years from 2019 to 2021, the revenue of Mixue Ice City Company soared by 303%, from 2.57 billion to 10.35 billion.Among them, the revenue in 2020 increased by 82% year-on-year to 4.68 billion.

However, unlike other direct tea brands, the income of Mi Xue Bing Cheng does not directly come from product retail.

From the perspective of revenue composition,There are three main sources of income for Honey Snow Ice City. One is to sell franchisees the ingredients, packaging materials, equipment and facilities and operating materials needed to make products. The second is to collect management fees from franchisees; The third is the retail income of products from direct-operated stores.However, this part only accounts for less than 1% of the total revenue.

Source/Prospectus of Revenue Composition of Mixue Ice City

That is to say,99% of the money earned by Mi Xue Ice City is the money of franchisees.

In 2021, the revenue of Honey Snow Ice City was 10.35 billion, of which 7.23 billion were sold to franchisees, accounting for 70%. Selling packaging materials to franchisees, 1.78 billion, accounting for 17%; Selling equipment and operating materials, there are 1.05 billion, accounting for about 10%; The franchise management fee is nearly 200 million, accounting for about 2%.

The sales of brand terminals are more than that.

According to the prospectus,The terminal sales of the company’s "Mi Xue Bing Cheng" brand stores in 2021 is about 20 billion yuan.. In comparison, Naixue’s tea, whose revenue mainly depends on product retail, earned 4.3 billion yuan in 2021, almost one-fifth of that of Honey Snow Ice City.

Although there are over 20,000 stores and retail sales are as high as 20 billion, the market share of Honey Snow Ice City is not as high as expected. According to the prospectus,Its sales in 2021 accounted for about 7.15% of the market size of the existing tea industry; The number of stores accounts for about 5.13% of the total number of existing tea shops.

Tea itself is a relatively low concentration industry. In 2020, the market share of Naixue’s tea, the "first stock of new tea", was only 3.9%.

"The industry is still developing rapidly, and there is still a lot of room for growth in brand potential." Gao Jianfeng said, but for Mixue Ice City, it is necessary to provide support and services to franchisees, ensure the quality of ingredients and product innovation, and control the cost and price of raw materials in order to remain attractive to franchisees.

Under the current revenue structure, it is actually difficult to discuss Mi Xue Ice City with the tea brands in the direct mode on a track. “It is more like a brand of beverage and food supply chain in the name of tea brand.. "

"You can compare it to Sanquan and Missing in quick-frozen food, Mengniu and Yili in ice cream, or Yanjin Shop and Laiyifen in snacks. In essence, stores are sales outlets. What Mi Xue Ice City needs to do is to manage the brand well, the products are innovative and the quality is guaranteed. " Gao Jianfeng analyzed, therefore, the prospectus will inevitably emphasize the franchise management ability, supply chain ability and commodity distribution ability.

This non-heavy asset operation mode, which is different from other direct brands, has directly refreshed the financial performance of Honey Snow Ice City.

Because the revenue mainly depends on selling ingredients, packaging materials and equipment, the gross profit margin of Honey Snow Ice City is not high, only about 30%, far below the industry average of more than 60%.

However,Because 99% of the stores are franchise stores, the brand does not have to bear the store rent and employee salary, which directly saves a lot of cost.. In terms of employee salary, the employees of Mixue Ice City are mainly production personnel and sales personnel. In 2021, the employee salary is only 150 million, while the employee cost of Naixue tea is as high as 1.4 billion a year under the store direct mode.

Moreover, unlike some new consumer brands,Mixue Ice City affects consumers by store coverage, and does not need to spend too much money on marketing and advertising.Even in 2021, when "You love me, I love you, honey snow and ice city are sweet" resounded all over the Internet, its advertising expenses and brand building expenses added up to only 43 million.

In this way, the honey snow ice city, which spends half a penny, has a net interest rate of 18% on the premise of a gross profit margin of only 30%.From 2019 to 2021, Mixue Ice City achieved net profits of 440 million, 630 million and 1.91 billion respectively, and made a net profit of 390 million in the first quarter of 2022.

Financial mapping of pineapple opening

When the brand is full, can the franchisee drink soup with it?

Many franchisees of Honey Snow Ice City have revealed to Kaipineapple Finance that the purchase of materials accounts for about 50% of the store’s turnover, the rent and employee’s salary are close to 20%, and the profit is 15-20% excluding other expenses.

Franchisees buy raw materials from the brand, but because the product price is low, the ratio of cost to revenue becomes higher. However, affected by the epidemic, the profits of franchisees who bear the rent and labor costs are affected.

Gao Jianfeng pointed out that under this business model,Part of the risk of Honey Snow Ice City was passed on to franchisees."Of course, if you can make money, franchisees are willing to take risks, and ensuring the interests of franchisees is the key. However, it is difficult to generalize whether you can make money."

According to the prospectus, after the number of Mi Xue Bing Cheng stores exceeded 10,000, the reshuffle continued. In 2020, there were 331 closed franchise stores, and in 2021, 585 were closed. In Gao Jianfeng’s view, the renewal rate of franchise stores in Mi Xue Bing Cheng is relatively fast. "There are too many stores, and some of them may not really make money."

Lin Yue believes that Mi Xue Ice City is highly dependent on the franchisee model, which is difficult to manage, and it also tests the rationality, synergy and overall strategy of the store layout.

In the past two years, the involution of tea is serious, and many brands have opened up the second battlefield, marching into coffee, ice cream, bottled drinks, etc., and Honey Snow Ice City is no exception.

Its brand "Lucky Coffee", a freshly ground coffee chain, almost completely copied the style of Mi Xue Bing Cheng: low price, sinking and joining.

According to the prospectus, the average product price of Lucky Coffee is 8 yuan. This is almost the lowest price coffee brand on the market, and the store menu shows that its cheapest product, a cup of freshly ground American coffee, is only 5 yuan.

By the end of March this year, there were 636 lucky coffee shops.Among them, 629 are franchise stores, most of which were opened in 2020 and 2021. Last year, the expansion was the fastest, with 323 new stores opened a year. Except for universities in new first-tier and second-tier cities, most of these stores are located in third-tier and below cities.

The prospectus did not disclose the revenue of lucky coffee. Kaipineapple Finance learned at the beginning of this year that most lucky coffee shops have a single-day revenue of around 2,000 yuan, 70% of which is profitable, but the return period is about one and a half years.

Zhang Hongfu, general manager of Honey Snow Ice City, once said, "Lucky Coffee should be cheap coffee in county towns and even small towns, and a coffee version of Honey Snow Ice City will be reproduced within five years". At present, since most stores are newly opened in the second half of 2021, the future expansion prospects have yet to be verified.

Narrow-door dining eyes show that there are currently 1,143 stores of Lucky Cafe, compared with 463 at the end of last year, an increase of 680 in three quarters.

High addiction, high repurchase and high gross profit have made coffee a red sea after tea in the past two years. However, in the third-tier and below cities in China, the brand of freshly ground coffee is vacant, the penetration rate is low, and there is demand for services. The sinking of coffee is considered as a major trend in the industry.

However, Lin Yue believes that "it is difficult to copy the model of tea drinking to operate if cheap coffee is to gain a foothold in the county". He believes that "this has something to do with product characteristics. Coffee and ice cream pay more attention to consumption scenes and atmosphere, and products should also be differentiated and have their own style." Fair-priced coffee has a market in third-,fourth-and fifth-tier cities, but it has not shown the potential to grow in a second curve at present.

Gao Jianfeng analyzed that, first of all, the coffee and tea markets are different. Young people are the main drinkers of milk tea, and the possible consumption power and consumption potential of drinking coffee are higher. It is difficult to incite consumers’ trust with low prices.

Moreover, the concentration of coffee industry is higher than that of milk tea, and the sinking consumer group is not as huge as expected. Before the expansion model is implemented, it takes time for market education.

In contrast, Gao Jianfeng thinks that tea going out to sea may be more attractive to the capital market.

According to the prospectus,By the end of March this year, Mixue Ice City had opened 317 stores in Indonesia and 249 stores in Vietnam.

"Honey Snow Ice City is in Southeast Asia, and the main market is also the Chinese market. Moreover, Southeast Asian countries have their own cold drink consumption habits, and China tea has the opportunity to complete local brand substitution." In his view, in the Southeast Asian market, China tea brands such as Mi Xue Bing Cheng still have more room for growth.

In the eyes of many analysts, coffee going to the countryside and tea going out to sea are the expansion of the battlefield, but on the main runway, Honey Snow Ice City needs new stories.

Lin Yue believes that the huge joining in the empire has created the myth of a snow-covered ice city, but with the rising operating costs, the bottleneck may become more and more obvious. Nowadays, the first-line head brands in the track are also extending downward, including the layout of sinking channels and product categories. Coupled with the new cross-border players, market competition continues to intensify.

In his view, listing can alleviate these problems to a certain extent, but with capital investment, more investment should be made in product research and development, sub-brand cultivation and channel layout upgrading.

This article is published by Entrepreneurial State authorized by the columnist, and the copyright belongs to the original author. The article is the author’s personal opinion and does not represent the position of the entrepreneurial state. Please contact the original author for reprinting. If you have any questions, please contact editor@cyzone.cn.

　　() The record of investor relations activities was released on August 1, and the company was investigated by 23 institutions on July 29, 2022. The types of institutions are other institutions, fund companies, overseas institutions, securities companies and sunshine private equity institutions.

　　The main contents of investor relations activities are introduced:

　　I. Introduction of the Company’s Operation by the Secretary-General At present, the company’s development is in a state of gradual recovery after a series of storms. To sum up the storms experienced by the company in the past few years, first of all, the relatively radical expansion before 2018 left a certain financial pressure on the company, which is also the core reason for the company’s poor performance in recent years; Secondly, the impact of the epidemic on the company’s overseas business development, including the limitation of business activities and the tilt of customer budget to fight the epidemic, led to the delay of projects in some countries and regions; Third, the intellectual property and trade secret litigation has consumed a lot of energy of the company, including management energy, resource investment in product renewal, legal expenses, and the financial pressure brought by some financial institutions in the past.

　　Today, looking back, the company has made some achievements in the process of gradually stabilizing its operations.

　　On the product side, the company has defined the product strategy of "2+3+1", and "2" stands for the basic disk business of narrowband digital trunking. The company has the world’s leading products and brands in the three mainstream digital standards of DMR/PDT/TETRA. With the gradual recovery of the industry in the post-epidemic era, the basic disk business will achieve steady growth. "3" stands for the company’s growth business, which realizes the upgrade from narrowband to broadband and the integration from private network to public network under the trend of broadband, intelligence and platform, and meets the needs of customers such as unified communication, multimedia command and dispatch and video application, mainly including unified communication, command and dispatch platform, 4G/5G broadband and other products. After years of investment, the company’s growth business has been continuously optimized and adapted to customers’ needs, and it has entered a stage of rapid growth. Last year, its revenue increased by 60%, accounting for more than 10% of the total revenue. Among them, the integration business of public colleges and universities doubled, and it also maintained a good growth trend in the first half of this year, which is expected to become a new growth curve outside the narrow-band basic disk business.

　　On the marketing side, the company has comprehensively promoted the reform of the marketing system, shifting from leading large-scale projects in the past to exerting strength through channels, and expanding the industry market by developing more industry partners and agents. In the past few years, the company’s big project strategy has helped the company to establish cooperation and recognition covering high-end public safety and key industry customers around the world, become the world’s leading private network brand, and achieve rapid growth in revenue. However, the epidemic situation has brought some uncertainties to the expansion of the company’s large projects, which led to the delay of some projects, and the impact was more significant than that of the channel business. The company adjusts its marketing strategy in time, in order to further consolidate its business foundation, vigorously develop channel partners and industry partners, expand the ecological circle of business cooperation, realize better operating cash flow, and also contribute to the promotion of new products such as growth business. In addition, the company continued to promote digital transformation, fully implemented digital marketing and digital operation, opened up the whole L2C process, and improved the overall operational efficiency.

　　On the financial side, in the years of rapid growth in 2015-2017, the asset-liability ratio and the period expense ratio increased rapidly, which also exposed the financial deficiencies of the company at this stage, which was the main reason for the unsatisfactory performance in the following period. Since 2018, the company has implemented management reform, promoted refined management, paid close attention to business quality and cash flow, and gradually optimized its financial situation. However, in the process, it encountered different degrees of influence and challenges brought by epidemic and litigation, which prolonged this change cycle. In recent years, the company’s operating cash flow has taken the lead in improving, which has been positive for ten consecutive quarters, and has recovered nearly 2.8 billion in cash in the past three years. At the same time, the asset-liability structure has been gradually optimized, and the asset-liability ratio has dropped from nearly 63% at the peak to below 55%. After the sale of Sepura, it is expected to further drop below 50%, which will also bring down the overall financing cost of the company and reduce interest expenses. In terms of expenses, through continuous refined management and personnel structure optimization, the company’s operating expenses are decreasing year by year and are currently in a relatively stable state. If this trend is maintained, the revenue side is confident to gradually recover and improve its profitability by relying on the recovery of the main basic disk business and the pull of the growth business.

　　In addition, in the future, the company will strive to resolve risks and reduce the impact of external factors such as litigation on the company on the basis of sustained growth in performance. At the same time, strengthen compliance and internal control management, strictly follow the four "high-quality" development principles, and constantly improve their ability to resist risks through high-quality talents, high-quality customers, high-quality products and high-quality orders.

　　Second, the exchange and interaction links

　　Q: How does the company view the future development trend of the industry? What are the advantages of the company compared with its competitors?

　　A: Private network communication belongs to the subdivision of network communication, and provides daily work communication, emergency communication and command and dispatch in key scenarios for industry customers. Similar to the public network, the customer demand of the private network industry is also upgrading with the technology upgrade. China’s private network industry experienced a technological upgrade from "analog to digital" from "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" to "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan". The company seized the development opportunity and made some achievements in combination with the internationalization strategy.

　　At present, the public network has developed to 5G, and the private network is also developing from narrowband to broadband. The application scenarios of 5G are more reflected in the industry market, and the terminal products are also developing in the direction of intelligent terminals and the Internet of Things. At the same time, the requirements for the unified communication platform have been improved, and the company’s entire products are laid out around the evolution direction of the private network communication industry. As a specialized communication equipment and solution enterprise in China, compared with overseas manufacturers, the company has more advantages in new fields such as 5G and AI in the process of broadband upgrade, and at the same time, our supply chain support capability is more perfect. In the new business field, the company has achieved technological leadership, taking the lead in releasing a number of industry-leading systems, platforms and terminal products, and will continue to maintain industry leadership in the future.

　　Q: The company turned losses into profits in the first half of the year. What changes have been made in management? Can it continue the trend of improvement?

　　A: Last year’s performance loss was mainly due to the epidemic, which affected overseas business income. This year, business activities in overseas areas gradually recovered. At the same time, the company implemented marketing changes and proactively strengthened the localization layout, especially in the expansion of industry channels and distributors. By developing more partners, it helped the company to expand overseas customers, and through some targeted incentives, it stimulated internal enthusiasm and guaranteed the goal. Thanks to the promotion of the company’s channel strategy and the promotion of new products, the company’s European and American channel industry achieved rapid growth in the first half of the year.

　　In addition, the company examines the completion of objectives through regular meetings and promotes the achievement of objectives through process management. In the first quarter, the company’s revenue achieved an increase of nearly 20%, and it also maintained a stable growth trend in the second quarter. This year is a crucial year for the company to lay the foundation for its subsequent development. The company will strive to maintain a good trend of financial indicators, further consolidate the narrow-band basic disk business on the product side, and gradually increase the proportion of growth businesses.

　　Q: In what ways has the company’s cash flow improved? What are the specific measures?

　　A: From the perspective of enterprise management, cash flow is the most critical. In the past few years, the company has effectively responded to and alleviated the challenge of tight capital by disposing of some fixed assets and combining good operating cash flow.

　　Throughout the whole industry, private communication is a business with good cash flow, which was in the stage of rapid expansion before, paying more attention to the growth of scale and ignoring the attention to cash flow. Since 2018, the company has turned to high-quality development, promoted refined management, put forward higher requirements for business profitability and payment return, and included accounts receivable management in sales assessment. Affected by external factors, the company’s revenue has not increased in the past two years, but it has ensured the healthy and stable revenue quality and cash flow, and the net operating cash flow has reached an average annual level of 600-700 million.

　　Q: Has the current tension in the upstream supply chain eased? What is the trend of gross profit margin?

　　A: In terms of supply chain, affected by the international environment, there was some tension from the second half of last year to the first half of this year. In the fourth quarter of last year, the company’s gross profit margin declined due to exchange and the price increase of upstream raw materials. Thanks to the company’s previous strategic stocking and domestic substitution strategy, the company has been well protected in the supply chain this year, and we judge that the upstream supply pressure will be significantly alleviated in the second half of the year.

　　Q: What is the company’s future R&D investment plan?

　　A: In terms of R&D, the company has optimized its product strategy around "2+3+1", which is more focused than in the past. In the past two years, we have focused on the research and development of growth-oriented business products, made some domestic substitutions and adaptations, and released H series products of a new generation platform. The core of the company’s follow-up research and development will still focus on the optimization of growth business, 5G application, new intelligent terminal products, etc., and keep certain industry tracking and related investment in unmanned equipment and low-orbit satellites in a forward-looking manner.

　　Q: What is the control goal of the company’s expense rate? What is the specific strategy to control expenses?

　　A: The company’s overall cost target this year is not to increase in absolute value, and all departments are also allocating and implementing it according to this principle.

　　In 2021, the overall expenses of the company will be around 3 billion, including more than 600 million non-operating expenses such as interest, exchange, impairment and legal fees. After the company sells Sepura, it will repay some high-cost loans, and the interest-bearing liabilities, financing costs and interest expenses will be greatly reduced. Last year, the company generated about 149 million exchange losses, and the exchange in the first half of this year has achieved positive gains. The legal expenses were more than 100 million yuan last year, and this year the whole will remain within the controllable range.

　　In the past two years, compared with the peak period, the company has reduced its staff by about one-third, and its operating expenses have been continuously reduced.

　　At the same time, the company has increased the proportion of front-line sales personnel within the marketing system and made efforts. With the future revenue growth, the sales expense ratio will gradually decrease. Looking at the whole year, we hope that while the absolute value of operating expenses will not increase, the overall expense rate will be improved through the growth of income.

　　Q: What are the company’s business objectives for the whole year, and what are the changes compared with the beginning of the year?

　　A: Last year, due to the epidemic, the company’s income failed to meet expectations, and at the same time, it suffered losses due to the impairment of goodwill and exchange.

　　At the beginning of this year, the company’s business goal was to achieve profitability throughout the year. At present, the company has achieved the profitability goal in stages in the first half of the year. In the second half of the year, according to the seasonal practice of the industry, the revenue will increase compared with the first half of the year. At the same time, the sale of Sepura in the third quarter is expected to bring about an investment income of about 290 million yuan. The new annual target company will be further defined internally, and the specific performance can be paid attention to the company’s regular report.

　　Q: How is the company’s EMS business going?

　　A: The company’s EMS business earned about 700 million yuan in 21 years, and its main businesses include automotive electronics, robotics, blockchain, communications and other businesses. Among them, the robot business accounts for a relatively high proportion, and its main customers include some domestic head manufacturers such as service robots, drones and balance cars. Automotive electronics is an important module cultivated in recent two years, and its customers include the world’s leading power battery manufacturers and new energy automobile manufacturers such as Geely, GAC and Jin Kang.

　　At present, the company’s EMS business has entered a period of stable development. The year-on-year decline in EMS revenue in 2021 is mainly due to the divestiture of some optical communication services in 2020. Excluding this impact, the EMS revenue of the same caliber achieved a slight growth last year and will continue to maintain a steady growth trend this year.

　　Q: What is the current progress of the company’s broadband business?

　　A: At present, the public network has entered the 5G stage, and the private network is also developing from narrowband to broadband. The company’s broadband service BU is integrating 4G and 5G technologies to provide high-performance 4G boards and 5G industrial Internet solutions in China; In the past two years, the company has had some project opportunities in overseas operators and industry markets, including the emergency communication network project jointly won by the company and Telefonica, which includes some broadband products. Repeated outbreaks have delayed some projects. With the focus of domestic head equipment manufacturers’ business, the company has more opportunities to grasp in overseas operators’ markets. The company is still optimistic about such opportunities and will continue to follow them.

　　Hainengda Communication Co., Ltd. is a major provider of professional wireless communication equipment in the world. The company is mainly engaged in the research and development, production, sales and service of professional wireless communication equipment such as walkie-talkie terminals and trunking systems, and provides overall solutions. The main businesses are narrow-band private network products and solutions, 4G/5G broadband private network products and solutions, public-private integration products and solutions, command and dispatch intelligent integration and emergency communication solutions, satellite communication products and solutions, AI products and solutions, public safety industry, government emergency, transportation, energy industry, industry and commerce, integrated communication and modified vehicles, intelligent manufacturing, etc. The company is a leading enterprise in the domestic professional wireless communication industry. The company has applied for 2,030 patents, including 372 overseas patents and 851 authorized patents, most of which are invention patents, and has a number of core technologies and independent intellectual property rights that have reached the leading level in the industry. The company has successively won important honorary titles such as Key Software Enterprise in National Planning, National High-tech Enterprise, National Innovation and Technology Demonstration Enterprise, National Enterprise Technology Center, Guangdong Provincial Government Quality Award, Guangdong Intellectual Property Demonstration Enterprise, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory and China Industry-University-Research Cooperation and Innovation Award.

　　Details of participating institutions are as follows:

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data analysisFrequently asked questions type identification, formula and quick calculation skills

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I. Amount of base period

I. Calculation of base period:

1. Find the amount of base period

[Identification] Given this year, find the quantity of last year. (Current quantity and growth rate are known)

[formula]

[Quick calculation skills] If 丨 r 丨 ≤5%, divide it into multiplication; If è r 丨 > 5%, truncate and divide directly.

2. Base period difference:

[Identification] Give the numerical value of a certain word this year and the growth rate of this year compared with last year, and ask how much is the difference between these two words last year? That is, to find the difference between the occurrence period and the growth rate.

[formula]

[Quick calculation skills] 1. If the option is two positive and two negative, two sets of the same data: exclude the current difference and compare the sizes; 2. If the option is four values: calculate two base periods separately; if direct division is adopted, three digits are truncated and two digits are calculated.

Second, the base period quantity comparison:

[Quick calculation skills] First look (fractional nature, magnitude), second calculation (truncation and direct division)

Second, the growth amount

I. Calculation of growth:

1. [Identification] Give the values of this year and last year, and ask whether this year’s XX is more (less) than last year’s … yuan (tons, mu …)?

[Formula] Growth amount = current amount-base amount, and decrease amount = base amount-current amount

[Quick calculation skills] The mantissa method and truncation are the same

2. [Identification] Given this year’s numerical value and year-on-year growth rate, ask whether this year’s XX is … yuan (ton) higher/lower than last year’s.

[formula]

[Quick calculation skills] When the growth rate is greater than 0, the growth rate is ≈1/n, and the growth amount = current amount /(n+1) (referred to as the principle of n+1).

When the growth rate is less than 0 and the reduction rate is ≈1/n, the reduction amount = current amount /(n-1) (referred to as the n-1 principle for short).

3. Average annual growth

[Identification] How much does XX-XX increase annually on average (tons, mu …)?

[Formula] Average annual growth =

[Quick calculation skills] Cut off the position and divide it directly

Second, the growth comparison:

1. The current amount and base amount are given.After calculation and comparison, some problems can also be judged by directly observing the column height difference.

2. Given the current volume and growth rate：

[Formula] Big is big (if the current volume is large and the growth rate is large, the growth amount must be large); One big one underestimates the product (the larger the "current quantity ×r", the greater the growth).

Note: If the difference between "1+r" is too large (several times), "current quantity ×r" cannot be used for comparison.

Comparison of change amount: if the current amount is large, the change amount is large; The larger the product of current quantity ×r, the larger the change.

Fractional percentage conversion table

Third, the growth rate

I. General growth rate：

1. Calculation of growth rate

[Identification] A is more than B (increased/expanded/increased) …% (times)

(1) percentage points, rate of addition and subtraction.

② [Formula]

"Quick calculation" Truncated direct division

2. Calculation of reduction rate

[Identification] A is less (decreased) than B..

[formula]

"Quick calculation" Truncated direct division

3. Comparison of growth rates

[Quick calculation skills] Incremental substitution method, multiple substitution method and score comparison method (one look and two calculations)

Second, the special growth rate:

1. Interval growth rate

[Identification] Time interval is one year, and the growth rate is calculated.

[Formula] R = R1+R2+R1× R2

[Quick calculation skills] 1. Both R1 and r2 are less than 10%, ignoring r1×r2；; 2. When calculating r1×r2, use the special fraction method.

2. Mixed growth rate

[Identification] The whole appears to be composed of parts, and the growth rate is sought.

[Formula] The overall growth rate is between some growth rates, and it is biased towards the side with a large base (biased towards the side with a large base period, generally replaced by the current amount).

Common can use some statements of mixed growth rate rule:

Annual = first half+second half = first three quarters+fourth quarter; Import and export = import+export;Real estate = real estate+real estate;Total transportation = freight+passenger;Export value = import value+surplus;Urban and rural = town+country

Fourth, the specific gravity

definitionSpecific gravity refers to the proportion of a certain part or individual in the total, which is generally in the form of percentage.

Question type characteristics: the proportion of a; The proportion of a in b.

formula: Specific gravity = partial quantity/total quantity

Classification of questions:

First, the calculation class

Question 1: What is the proportion of A to B in the current period?

Specific gravity = partial quantity/whole quantity, and the truncation is divided directly.

Total quantity = partial quantity/specific quantity, truncated direct division.

Partial quantity = whole quantity × specific gravity, and special value or scaling is considered in multiplication.

Question 2: what is the proportion of a to b in the past year?

Formula: specific gravity of base period =

Quick calculation skills: calculate half; Split-1 method

Question 3: According to the difference between the two periods, the proportion of A to B this year has changed by … percentage points (%) compared with the previous year?

Formula: Difference of specific gravity between two periods =

Second, the specific gravity comparison:

Score comparison method (one look, two calculations)

V. Average value

average numberIt is a quantity that represents the trend in a set of data, and it refers to the quotient obtained by dividing the sum of all data in a set of data by the number of this set of data.

characteristic: "every", "average" and "company" appear.

formula: Average = Total/Total = Back/Front

Error-prone unit conversion: 1 ton =2000 Jin, 1 hectare =15 mu.

Question 1: Average multiple numbers.

Formula: average = total number/total number

Quick calculation skills: ① observation; ② Median value method.

Question 2: What are the numbers of "every ……", "all ……" and "unit ……" this year?

Formula: current average = total number/total number = back/front =A/B

Quick calculation skill: direct division by truncation

Question 3: What was the number of "every …", "all …" and "unit …" in the past year?

Formula: base period average =

Quick calculation skills: calculate half and split one method

Question 4: The average of XX this year is RMB/person higher (lower) than last year?

Formula: average growth =

Question 5: The average of XX this year is ……% higher (lower) than last year?

Formula: average growth rate =

Six, multiple

Multiply is the relative number compared by two related indicators.A is A/B times that of B.

Question 1: Is A … times that of B this year?

Formula: current multiple =A/B

Quick calculation skill: direct division by truncation

Question 2: Last year, A was … times that of B?

Formula: base period multiple =

Quick calculation skills: calculate half and split one method

VII. Comprehensive analysis

[Skill]

1. Error-prone points (ask √ skip, ask × look first): percentage, deficiency, doubling, and favorable deficit.

2. Simple priority:

(1) first look at the options of formula (two-period proportion, two-period average, growth comparison, mixed growth rate, etc.), direct reading and simple addition and subtraction.

(2) give priority to the material "year" option, and the time point gives priority to the time period.

③ Skip the interval year, the ratio of base period, and those that are complicated in calculation and incomprehensible.

pithy mnemonic formula: ① comparison of two periods (A > B, rising; A < b, down); ② Comparison of base period (lean camel is bigger than horse: the base period with obvious current period is generally bigger); (3) comparison of growth (the bigger the product, the bigger the product); (4) Mixed class (the whole is between the parts, and it is biased towards the party with larger cardinality)

Collect it! Take a look before the exam and get an extra point!

Workers are cleaning the glass curtain wall of a hotel.

　　　 Whether there is a glass curtain wall in the school building has become one of the criteria for judging universities by Yang Fujia, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences. On the 8th, at the 2007 annual meeting of China Association for Science and Technology held in Wuhan, Hubei Province, when asked about his impression of universities in Wuhan, Yang Fujia said that there are many universities in Wuhan, and there are many famous schools, and they all feel good, but he saw buildings with glass curtain walls in some universities, which made him dissatisfied. In the invited report meeting of the annual meeting, Yang Fujia also specially chose "Energy Saving and Emission Reduction and Doing Things as a Person" as the theme of the report. He talked about the starting point of energy conservation and emission reduction, which is the building. Because "99% of the existing buildings are high-energy buildings, and the heating energy consumption per unit building area is equivalent to 2 to 3 times that of developed countries with similar climatic conditions."

　　　 In the report, Yang Fujia showed a house designed by a British architect named Dunster. He personally visited the architect and visited the architect’s home. There are solar panels on the roof of Dunster’s house, and the wall insulation layer is very thick. Energy saving and environmental protection are considered in all aspects. Yang Fujia learned from Dunster’s subordinates that Dunster’s goal is to save energy and reduce emissions, and it is cheap and good.

　　　 However, the buildings in many cities in China are obviously dissatisfied with Yang Fujia. "Many buildings in Wuhan are covered with large pieces of glass. Where can there be such energy saving?"

　　　 He turned to say that the world’s largest school gate, the tallest building and the largest library all belong to China. "But which of these buildings is energy-efficient?" He believes that the building of glass curtain wall is especially unsuitable for colleges and universities, which will have an impact on the image and concept of colleges and universities.

　　　 In fact, this is not the only criticism of the glass curtain wall at the annual meeting of the Association for Science and Technology. On the 10th, the annual meeting of Green Building and Urban Energy Conservation Branch was held in Wuhan University, and some experts studying building energy conservation pointed their finger at the glass curtain wall.

　　　 Tang Mingfang, a professor at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning of Chongqing University, said that environmentally friendly buildings mean being friendly to the environment, occupying less resources, saving energy, land, water and materials, and having little negative impact. From this point of view, the glass curtain wall is undoubtedly not environmentally friendly, because it occupies many and expensive building materials, and it will cause the greenhouse effect and increase the energy consumption of cooling in the days of sunlight. If the glass curtain wall is used to avoid the greenhouse effect, it is necessary to add blinds behind the glass curtain wall, which increases the construction cost.

　　　 Pan Saijun, a senior engineer of Taizhou Construction Engineering Design Review Center, Zhejiang Province, said that from the construction situation there, the construction cost is very different without using glass curtain walls. The cost of the glass curtain wall is around 600 yuan per square meter, so the cost of such a building increases by tens of millions or even tens of millions of yuan.

　　　 He believes that the light pollution caused by the glass curtain wall is also a kind of "urban disease". Strong reflected light will enter the nearby residential building, which will increase the indoor temperature in the building and increase the cost of cooling. At the same time, the strong reflected light will also cause troubles to passers-by and drivers. Some drivers will be temporarily blurred by the reflected light from the glass curtain wall, which may lead to car accidents.

　　　 Some experts worry that the falling and breaking of the glass curtain wall may become a potential safety hazard in the city. Although the quality and strength of building glass are adequately guaranteed at present, after all, the earthquake resistance and deformation resistance of glass are deficient. Once encountering typhoons, hurricanes, earthquakes, hail, sudden changes in temperature difference, etc., it may lead to safety incidents.

　　　 This kind of worry is not without reason. According to the data, the Hancock Building in Boston, designed by I.M. Pei in 1971, is a glass curtain wall skyscraper that once sensationalized Europe and America. However, after the completion, glass broke one after another. A storm in 1973 broke dozens of pieces of glass, and the broken glass fell and broke other glasses, so the building was once riddled with holes.

　　　 In fact, it is rare for foreign buildings to adopt glass curtain wall, and most of the external decoration of buildings is still mainly paint and tile. But in China, it is very common to use glass curtain wall in urban buildings.

　　　 Professor Tang Mingfang believes that some government agencies now use large glass curtain walls when building buildings, which has set a bad example. Pan Saijun believes that the building review department is also responsible. He admits that the renderings of glass curtain wall buildings often look more beautiful and imposing, and it is easier to pass the audit of the construction planning department.

related news

　　Expert’s energy-saving advice: film the glass curtain wall　　　

　　　 At present, there are 2,239 glass curtain wall buildings in Shanghai, of which 545 have been built for more than 10 years. A few days ago, the reporter learned from relevant parties that the comprehensive transformation of the glass curtain walls of these 545 buildings will become a focus of the next phase of building energy-saving transformation in this city. Experts believe that it is relatively simple to film the glass curtain wall, and the safety film sticks to the glass. Even if the glass is broken, it will not rain. Relevant persons from the Municipal Construction and Transportation Commission said that the energy consumption of buildings has accounted for about 20% of the energy consumption in Shanghai, and there is still a growing trend. Among them, the energy consumption of public buildings accounts for the "big head" of the total energy consumption of buildings in Shanghai.

　　　 Lu Jinlong, director of the Institute of Engineering and Materials Testing, Shanghai Institute of Building Research (Group) Co., Ltd., made a report on "Several studies on energy-saving renovation of existing buildings (glass curtain walls)" in a recent seminar. He believed that glass curtain walls are decorative envelope projects, and because they were applied earlier than management, they were first used in the project and then improved the standards and regulations, so there were problems related to safety and energy saving. The comprehensive renovation of these buildings will be the main task in the next few years. Experts suggest that economic, reasonable and feasible renovation schemes can be designed for different building types, and the design and renovation scheme should pay attention to "cost performance". For commercial buildings with existing single-layer glass curtain walls, it is better to adopt window film method; Shading technology can be used to reduce consumption in the reconstruction scheme of office buildings. Architectural glass with different properties can also be selected according to different orientations in the southeast and northwest.

　　　 Actually, giving it to window film is a relatively simple and easy way. At present, the thermal insulation safety film on the market can save energy by more than 15%, and it can be stuck on the glass, even if the glass is broken, it can prevent the "glass rain". Sun Jianping, deputy director of the Municipal Construction and Transportation Commission, said that it has become an important part of the renovation of the glass curtain wall in Shanghai to put a thermal insulation safety film on the original glass to reduce energy consumption. However, some experts expressed concern about the prospect of renovation. "The idea of attaching a thermal insulation safety film to the original glass has been put forward for ten years, but it is not so easy to implement." "The price of more than 100 yuan per square meter is not acceptable to everyone." (Li Jicheng/Oriental Morning Post)
　

Editor: Xiu Rongteng