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Original Gilles Messier Leviathan

? Vox

Leviathan press:

Judging from the short history of human civilization, our knowledge of the virus can be regarded as a very recent thing. But even today, the debate about whether viruses belong to life continues. Not only that, people who know a little about viruses are expected to have extremely complicated feelings about this strange thing that is invisible to the naked eye: although most viruses are friendly, they are always very deadly …

Tell me another funny story.

The picture below is not a virus, but a flagella of bacteria. Yes, as shown in the figure, flagella functions as a propeller of a ship, which can rotate at high speed in the environment, thus pushing the bacteria forward.

If the internal structure of bacteria is enlarged by 50,000 times, it will be found that there is a very complicated system behind its rotation, similar to the engine of a ship, with exquisite machine parts such as rotating shaft and push rod. These components are assembled in an orderly way for the whole function, and each component plays its due functional role. This combination is not a blind random patchwork, but a delicate micro-engineering. Molecular machines, 40 kinds of proteins, plays the role of these components. Some of these molecules get energy from the environment, some are responsible for sensing, and some are responsible for rotation like bearings. Some people think that the operation of this whole system is obviously a highly intelligent and exquisite micro-engineering. It cannot be explained by a simple Darwinian evolutionary mechanism.

Search [Leviathan Song List] in Netease Cloud Music, and don’t get lost.

We have a new number [Leviathan Planet] to watch.

In the past two years, SARS-COV2 virus, better known as COVID-19 (Covid-19), has ravaged the world, causing more than 346 million infections and 5.58 million deaths. Everything is waiting for prosperity, and many countries have closed their borders. Our life has been completely changed. It is really shameful to think that human beings are struggling in the face of this pathogen smaller than most bacteria. What is even more embarrassing is that this pathogen may not even be alive.

Different from other pathogenic factors such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi, viruses are in the fuzzy zone between living and nonliving, and there are different opinions on which side to classify them. This is a heated and long-lasting debate, which leads to a basic question in biology: What is "life"? So, is the virus a life form? Let’s find out!

In order to know whether a virus is a living body, we must first understand what a virus is.

Viral diseases such as smallpox, rabies, polio and influenza have been with us since the birth of mankind, and it is not until recent years that scientists really understand the specific pathogens that cause these diseases. With the continuous development of microbial theory put forward by Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur and others in the mid-19th century, scientists began to find and isolate the pathogens that caused every known disease. This includes tobacco mosaic, a disease that will hinder the growth of tobacco plants and cause their leaves to grow mottled "mosaic" patterns.

In 1892, Russian botanist Dmitri Ivanovsky ground the infected tobacco plants, filtered the juice with a ceramic filter with a pore size too small for bacteria to pass through, and inoculated the filtered juice on the uninfected plants. To his shock, these plants can’t escape the clutches of disease. Ivanovski thought that the disease might be caused by some kind of chemical toxin that can pass through the filter screen, but he didn’t explore the matter further.

Martinus Bayelink (1851-1931). ? Wikimedia Commons

Six years later, the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck repeated the above experiment and confirmed this puzzling result. However, he further expanded the experiment. After infecting one plant, Bayelink smashed its leaves, filtered the juice, and continued to infect the next plant, and so on. He speculated that if the pathogenic factor is a toxin, its infection efficiency will decrease with the further spread between plants, but no matter how many times he spread the disease, the infection efficiency is not less than half a point.

At first, he simply thought that the pathogenic factor was just a surprisingly small bacterium, but no matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t make it grow in the culture medium-this is the standard method for cultivating bacteria in the laboratory. And it is not affected by alcohol, which can kill almost all known bacteria. What is more strange is that this puzzling pathogenic factor seems to grow and reproduce only in the presence of living cells that can divide.

Because it was not clear what the pathogenic factor was, Bayelink named it "contagious living fluid", and later called it "filterable virus", and the word "virus" means toxin in Latin.

In the following decades, scientists used ceramic filters to find more and more viruses. In 1898, they found foot-and-mouth disease virus that caused foot-and-mouth disease, and in 1932, they found yellow fever virus and rabies virus. It was only in 1935 that the first real breakthrough was made in understanding the nature of the virus.

Wendell Stanley (1904-1971) thought that tobacco mosaic virus was a granular substance composed entirely of protein. ? Sutori

At that time, Wendell Stanley, an American chemist, thought that tobacco mosaic virus was a granular substance composed entirely of protein, not the kind of liquid that Bayelink guessed. Stanley even managed to purify the virus particles into needle-like crystals, which can be stored in the laboratory for a long time without affecting the efficacy of infection. As reported by The New York Times in 1940, the discovery caused an uproar in the scientific community:

"Dr. Wendell Stanley of Rockefeller Institute of Medicine made the crystallization of tobacco mosaic virus, which made biologists quarrel as a bee. But it should be. Are these crystals alive? Obviously, it is no more special than diamonds, glass, sand and other familiar crystals. However, if these virus crystals are placed on tobacco leaves, mosaic will spread like a spark, just like being infected by living bacteria. "

Stanley’s discovery won him the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1946, which seems to have sentenced him to death for the "vitality theory" that has prevailed for centuries. This theory holds that an organism contains some important essence or "sacred brilliance", which brings life. In contrast, the biochemical hypothesis holds that life is just a chemical process, and Stanley found that protein particles with inert surfaces can reproduce and spread like living organisms, which seems to confirm this hypothesis.

? PLOS

However, there are still many unsolved mysteries. In the same year that Stanley made his discovery, the invention of the electron microscope made it possible for viruses to be directly observed by human beings for the first time, and also revealed why microbiologists had not found them for so long. The particle diameter of most viruses is about 100 nm, which is 1/100~1/10 of the diameter of bacteria, so it is difficult to observe by ordinary optical microscope. But this can’t explain why an ordinary protein particle can’t grow under laboratory conditions, although it has vitality.

In 1926, Thomas Rivers, an American microbiologist, put forward an explanation when he gave a report at the American Society of Bacteriology:

"The virus seems to be an obligate parasite whose reproduction depends on living cells."

In other words, the virus does not reproduce itself through cell division like bacteria, protozoa, fungi and other microorganisms, but produces more virus particles by hijacking molecular machines of other living cells. But how did the virus accomplish this hijacking?

Facts have proved that the biggest piece of the puzzle is still missing. Wendell Stanley’s follow-up research revealed that tobacco mosaic virus is not only composed of protein, but actually includes ribonucleic acid, that is, RNA. From 1930s to 1940s, there was a great discussion in the scientific community on how to realize intergenerational transmission of genetic characteristics in organisms.

Although the laws of heredity were discovered by Czech priest Gregor Mendel in the 1960s and perfected by American biologists Thomas Hunt Morgan and Hermann Muller in the early 20th century, the specific molecules that encode and transmit specific genetic information have not been unveiled.

Some scientists speculate that RNA and its brother DNA may be genetic material, but most people think that the genetic material is more likely to be protein, because the latter has a more complex structure, so it can store more genetic information. Viruses play an important role in determining which hypothesis is correct.

In 1953, Martha Cowles Chase (left) and Alfred hershey. ? PaulingBlog/Karl Maramorosch

In 1952, American bacteriologists Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Chase carried out a series of experiments with ——T2 phage, a virus that can infect Escherichia coli, which is now considered as a classic. Scientists at that time knew that the virus would inject a part of its own substance into the host cell and leave the rest outside the body.

But the question is: Is the injected part nucleic acid or protein?

To find out, hershey and Chase labeled a cell culture medium with radioactive sulfur, which made only protein in this batch of viruses have radioactive labels. Another batch of viruses were cultured in the presence of radioactive phosphorus, which made only the nucleic acid part of these viruses labeled. The two batches of viruses were then infected with unlabeled Escherichia coli respectively. The researchers used centrifuges to centrifuge the subsequent culture solution to separate the infected bacteria and the discarded noncoding part of the virus.

When two scientists detected the radioactivity of infected cells, they found that the bacteria in the experimental group with phosphorus labeled were radioactive, while the experimental group with sulfur labeled was not radioactive. This also confirmed that the virus injected nucleic acid into bacteria instead of protein. Later, scientists such as Rosalind Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick explained the structure and function of DNA and RNA, thus opening a genetic revolution that still affects the world today.

Computer simulation diagram of the structure of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). ? Janet Iwasa/University of Utah

Today, people know that all viruses consist of two basic parts: a sequence similar to DNA or RNA, and a protein shell or capsid-or as the British biologist Sir Peter Medawar succinctly described:

"(Virus) is a bad piece of information wrapped in protein."

The shape and size of the virus are ever-changing, from porcine circovirus with a diameter of about 27 nm to pithovirus with a length of about 1.5 μm; From long tubular tobacco mosaic virus to spherical coronavirus. In addition to the protein shell, many viruses also contain lipid envelopes obtained from host cells. The life cycle of viruses begins at the moment when they enter the host cell and contact with its cell membrane. If a cell is susceptible to the virus, the virus will adhere to its surface and inject genetic material and some enzymes into the cytoplasm of the cell like a micro-syringe, leaving its capsid.

Once in the cell, the genetic material of the virus begins to show its evil fangs, hijack the metabolic mechanism of the cell, and transform it from an independent organism into a small biological factory with only one purpose: to produce more virus particles. Viruses accomplish this hijacking process in several different ways.

Animation demonstration of fusion mode between coronavirus and cells. ? Janet Iwasa/University of Utah

For DNA virus, its genetic material will replace the cell’s own DNA, and use the cell’s own enzyme to transcribe the invading genome into messenger RNA, that is, mRNA. The mRNA is then read by organelles called ribosomes, which use the read genetic instructions to assemble amino acids into protein. Ribosomes no longer produce the conventional protein used to maintain the normal operation of cells and become the "initiator" of new viruses. RNA viruses, on the other hand, contain mRNA that can be directly read by ribosomes, and can completely skip the step of DNA transcription.

In addition, there is a retrovirus with more subtle genetic skills. Retroviruses, including HIV, contain a special enzyme-reverse transcriptase, which can integrate the virus RNA into the host cell’s own DNA. This embedded virus genome is called protovirus, which can sleep in the host genome for a long time, avoid the monitoring of the immune system, and spread between cells with cell division and reproduction unnoticed. They can also be activated spontaneously, causing cells to start producing viruses again. This makes people helpless about retrovirus infection.

Rash is a common symptom of HIV infection. ? WebMD

However, the importance of retrovirus to human beings far exceeds the impact of diseases caused. In the long evolutionary history of mankind, fully 8% of human genes were obtained from protoviruses. Obviously, these gene hitchhikers have had an important and noticeable impact on the development of life on earth.

（ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093845/）

Once the new virus particles are assembled, they must then leave the host cell. Many viruses that infect bacteria or other single-celled organisms will accomplish this goal through the lysis cycle. In this process, the cell membrane will rupture or dissolve, the host cell will die and release a new generation of virus into the environment.

However, if the virus kills the cell it meets, it will quickly lead to the death of the host and the virus living in it, so most viruses will leave the cell by exocytosis or "budding" and pass through it without destroying the cell membrane. However, in any way, it will eventually lead to the same goal: the newly assembled virus is released into the environment, gearing up to infect new cells and start the process again.

﹡﹡﹡

Now that we know what viruses are and how they reproduce, let’s go back to the original question: Are viruses really alive?

Like many questions in biology, the answer to this question depends on how to define life accurately. Biologists have not reached a consensus on what they actually study, which is unique in the whole scientific community. At first glance, the question of whether something has life seems very intuitive.

However, throughout the long history, even the greatest scientists and philosophers can’t give a rigorous and verifiable definition of life. The consensus we can reach can basically be condensed into "seeing is believing". However, the lack of this definition does not prevent biologists from continuing their research work, and the discussion on the definition for many years has only remained philosophical curiosity. However, when people began to explore the universe and look for life on other planets, "what is life?" The problem suddenly becomes important.

? Baamboozle

For many years, various scientists have been trying to draw a list of unique properties of life. The following is one of the reports from NASA website:

"[Life] has the ability to obtain energy from the environment and convert it into its own growth and reproduction. Life tends to be homeostatic: it can achieve a balance in many elements that define its internal environment. Living things can respond (to the environment) and produce actions similar to reactions through stimulation, such as retraction and even more advanced forms such as learning. Life is reproductive, because of the mutation of population and natural selection, the evolution of life needs a certain degree of replication. In order to survive and develop, living things need to become’ consumers’ first, so as to exchange biomass, create new individuals and excrete waste. "

However, many nonliving systems also exhibit many of the above properties. For example, crystals can spontaneously assemble into amazing complex and orderly shapes, replicate themselves, transfer the same internal structure between crystals, and even move in response to external stimuli. Similarly, a black stone can also convert solar energy into heat energy, and convert it into kinetic energy by heating the surrounding air. At the same time, radioactive components in it will spontaneously convert nuclear energy into heat energy.

Horta, who lives on rocks in Star Trek. ? Tumblr

The above definition becomes even more vulnerable when applied to the biological world. For example, prion is the pathogenic factor of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (the disease is better known as mad cow disease)-it is even simpler than ordinary virus, consisting only of a misfolded protein and does not contain any genetic material. However, prions can mutate, spread and reproduce among species-although not through genetic information, but through causing the wrong folding of adjacent proteins to trigger a fatal chain reaction.

Erwin Schr?dinger (1887-1961). ? Times Literary Supplement

The Austrian physicist Erwin Schr?dinger, who is famous for putting imaginary cats into imaginary boxes, put forward a set of unique properties of more complex life forms. After he published in 1944, what is life? 》（What is Life? ), Schrodinger said:

"Organisms have an amazing gift of self-control of the’ order flow’, so they can avoid the decay of atoms into chaos."

In other words, life seems to violate the second law of thermodynamics, which holds that in a closed system, entropy-defined in different ways as disordered state or energy that cannot be used for useful work-is always increasing. In the face of disorderly natural forces, organisms not only managed to maintain a high degree of internal order and complexity, but also maintained this order for generations without losing fidelity.

Ebola virus. ? National Human Genome Research Institute

Of course, living things do not really violate the second law, because they are not closed systems. They are semi-closed systems. On the one hand, they are closed enough to maintain internal order, and on the other hand, they are open enough to ensure that the increase of internal order will be offset by the decrease of external order-for example, by discharging excess heat (to reduce the internal entropy of living organisms and increase the environmental entropy). However, these observations lead Schrodinger to speculate that the semi-closed structure is very critical for the realization of life functions.

More importantly, he further speculated that in order to accurately pass on their internal structure and complexity to future generations, living beings need to build some form of "code script", which includes instructions for building this particular living body. Later, this prescient prediction was fulfilled with the confirmation of DNA structure and function in less than ten years.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). ? Pharmaceutical Technology

Following Schrodinger, John Maynard-Smith, a British biologist, thinks that the essential attribute of life is that it can stand the test of Darwinian natural selection, and those genetic characteristics that can increase the reproductive capacity of organisms are preferentially selected and passed on to future generations, so as to ensure the continuous evolution of species over time. Finally, this concept was combined with the previous definition, resulting in the so-called "NASA life definition", which refers to:

"Life is a chemical system that can adapt to the evolution proposed by Darwin and achieve self-sustainability."

For the viewpoint of adapting to evolution in the definition of life, viruses are certainly worthy of the name-Covid-19 has rapidly mutated and produced many varieties, which clearly reflects this. However, the view that "virus is a living body" is controversial in the first point of definition. Unlike other living organisms, viruses cannot reproduce without other living cells. If we can’t hijack the molecular mechanism of the host cell, the virus is just an inert protein and genetic material. Therefore, Gerald Joyce of Salk Institute thinks:

"According to this basic definition, the virus does not meet the standard."

Whether it can be classified as a living body or not, it is obvious that viruses play an important role in the natural environment. Although it can’t be accurately determined, biologists estimate that there are about 10.31 kinds of viruses in the world. If all the viruses are connected one by one, they will extend to 200 million light years away, which makes people stunned-far exceeding the farthest known galaxy. In all environments on earth, we can find traces of viruses, which can infect all known organisms. Although most viruses are friendly, they will not cause malignant diseases.

? BioCosmos Africa

Nevertheless, they still have a great influence on the evolution of life on the earth, especially they will insert virus genes into the DNA of the host by reverse transcription. For example, the existence of blood orange should be thanks to the virus gene named Tcs2, which will respond to the cold climate and transform into the gene named Ruby, which gives the pulp a unique deep red tone.

More closely related to us human beings is an ancient gene named ErwW-1, which is the reason for the formation of syncytiotrophoblast, a fused cell structure in human placenta, and this structure is very important for the transfer of nutrients to developing embryos. Therefore, all of us owe our existence to a virus that infected African apes millions of years ago.

? Timo Lenzen

For various reasons, some scientists think that NASA’s definition of life is too narrow and should be expanded to include marginal cases such as viruses. Patrick Fortel, a microbiologist at the French Pasteur Institute, is one of them. He thinks:

"Life and the process of life are just some names for the complex evolution forms of substances currently existing on our planet."

Fortel thinks that virus is not only a collection of protein and nucleic acid, but also an organism with two different states in its life cycle: virus particles and "virocell", that is, living cells captured by virus particles and transformed into more virus particles. In Fortel’s theory, a virus cell is completely different from a normal healthy host cell-a "ribocell". The difference between them lies in:

"The dream of normal cells is to divide to produce two cells, while the dream of virus cells is to produce 100 or more virus cells."

Therefore, according to Fortel’s theory, virus particles are to virus cells what seeds are to oak trees. Viruses are no different from any other parasites, and depend on the growth and reproduction of host cells. The virus is only more dependent.

Other scientists think that any effort to define life strictly is futile, because it will prevent us from understanding the strange life forms that have not yet been discovered on the earth or other planets. As the scientific philosopher Carol Cleland of the University of Colorado said:

"Definition only tells us the meaning of a word through our language, but it doesn’t tell us the nature of the world. In the case of life, scientists are interested in the nature of life rather than the meaning of the word’ life’ in our language. What we really need to do is to propose a universally applicable life system theory, rather than a precise definition of the word’ life’. "

Despite the ever-changing forms, life on earth only represents one aspect. The key to forming the universal theory of life system is to explore other possibilities of life. I am interested in developing a strategy to find extraterrestrial life, so that people can expand the boundaries of our concept of life centered on the earth.

? Shira Inbar

On the other hand, I think it is futile for scientists to define "life" tirelessly, because it can’t tell us what we really want to know-"what is life". The scientific theory of life will answer these questions in a satisfactory way, and it will also work for some marginal cases. It is not helpful for the development of life science to include atypical "life" in the category of "life" just for the sake of some people’s own pleasure. "

The debate is getting worse and worse, and almost all biologists firmly believe that this problem has been solved in one way or another. What we can be sure of is: considering their influence on life on earth in the past, present and future, whether viruses are living things or not, they deserve our utmost admiration and respect.

Text /Gilles Messier

Translator/pharmacist

Proofreading /Yord

Original/www.todayifound.com/index.php/2022/06/are-viruses-actually-alive/

Based on Creative Sharing Protocol (BY-NC), this article was published by pharmacists in Leviathan.

The article is only the author’s point of view and does not necessarily represent Leviathan’s position.

Original title: "Is the virus really alive? 》

Read the original text

In the digital age, mobile phone traffic has become an indispensable part of our daily life. Whether browsing the web, watching videos or downloading applications, we need to consume a certain amount of traffic. So, how is the mobile phone traffic converted? Here are some key points to help you better understand this concept.

**1. Basic units: MB, GB and TB**

The basic unit of mobile phone traffic is MB (megabyte), and the larger units are GB (gigabyte) and TB (terabyte). The conversion relationship between them is simple: 1GB equals 1024MB, while 1TB equals 1024GB. This conversion relationship allows us to understand the usage of traffic more intuitively.

**2. Traffic consumption factor * *

Different applications and services consume different amounts of traffic. For example, browsing text web pages consumes relatively little traffic, while watching high-definition videos or downloading large files will quickly consume a lot of traffic. Therefore, when using a mobile phone, knowing the traffic consumption of each application will help us manage the traffic better.

**3. Traffic monitoring and reminding * *

Most smart phones have built-in traffic monitoring function, which can display the used traffic and remaining traffic in real time. In addition, many operators also provide traffic reminder service, which will inform users in time when the traffic is close to or exceeds the package limit. These functions help us avoid unnecessary traffic charges.

**4. Traffic package selection * *

When choosing a mobile phone traffic package, we need to decide according to our actual needs. If you often need to use traffic to surf the Internet outside, you can choose a package with more traffic; If you mainly use Wi-Fi at home or in the office, then a package with less traffic may be enough. In addition, you can also consider some packages that provide traffic sharing function to share traffic with family or friends.

To sum up, understanding the conversion method and consumption factors of mobile phone traffic, and making rational use of traffic monitoring and reminding functions can help us manage mobile phone traffic better and avoid unnecessary expenses. At the same time, when choosing a mobile phone traffic package, you also need to make a reasonable choice according to your actual needs.

Editor’s Note: This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account Pineapple Finance (ID: kaiboluocaijing), author: Wu Jiaoying, editor: Jin Kun, reproduced by Entrepreneurial State with authorization.

The rushing honey snow ice city is finally going to be listed.

On the evening of September 22nd, Mixue Ice City Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Mixue Ice City") pre-disclosed the A-share prospectus, and planned to list on the main board of Shenzhen Stock Exchange.

This prospectus of yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us unveiled the layers of the tea "myth" which was founded in 1997 and moved from Henan to the whole country.

In the past, as we all know, the three axes of Mi Xue Ice City are: low price, sinking and joining. But how many stores it has opened, whether it makes money or not, and how to make money are all long-term concerns inside and outside the industry. Now, the answer is as follows:

• There are three brands under its banner: the fresh tea brand "Mi Xue Bing Cheng", the fresh ground coffee brand "Lucky Coffee" and the fresh ice cream brand "Jilatu".

• "Mi Xue Bing Cheng" is the brand of ready-made tea with the largest number of stores in China. As of the first quarter of this year, there were 21,619 stores, of which 21,582 were franchisees.

• Making money depends not on selling milk tea, but on selling ingredients, packaging materials and equipment to franchisees and charging franchise fees. Stores sell a total of 20 billion yuan a year, and the annual revenue "falling" to the account is 10.3 billion.

• The gross profit margin is low but the net interest rate is high, with a net profit of 1.9 billion a year.

• Lucky Coffee copied the style of Mi Xue Bing Cheng, lowered the price, sank and joined, and opened 636 stores in more than two years.

• To be a global ready-made beverage brand, we quietly went out to sea to Southeast Asia and opened 566 stores in Indonesia and Vietnam.

But obviously, there are still more problems to be solved around the honey snow ice city:

• 20,000 stores, touch the ceiling?

• What is the mode of making money by franchisees?

• Lucky coffee, can you copy the myth of honey snow and ice city?

• Can you find a second growth curve when you go out to sea?

As the existing tea brand with the largest number of stores in China, there are more stores in Mixue Ice City than the second and third largest stores in the industry-ancient tea, book burning grass and tea hundred roads combined.

By the end of March, 2022, the whole Mixue Ice City Company had 22,276 stores, including 21,619 stores of the existing tea chain brand "Mixue Ice City", with 21,582 franchisees and only 37 direct stores.

Financial mapping of pineapple opening

Two years after the epidemic, Mi Xue Bing Cheng stores ran wildly.

Look at the situation of the main brand first. In 2020, "Mi Xue Bing Cheng" added 5,757 franchise stores and 3 direct stores, more than twice that of the previous year. By the end of the year, its stores exceeded the scale of 10,000 stores, reaching 12,966.

Joining in 2021 is even crazier, with 7,058 new franchisees, which is close to the total number of stores in 2019, but the number of direct stores has decreased by one. By the end of the year, the number of stores exceeded 20,000, reaching 20,023.

In the first quarter of 2022, the expansion rate of stores slowed down, with 1,596 new franchisees, while the direct stores remained unchanged.

The rapid expansion of Honey Snow Ice City is largely due to the parity of brand positioning. The price of products is mostly between 6-8 yuan, which is far lower than other tea brands, which increases the purchase frequency and is also conducive to quickly seizing the sinking market with lower consumption level.

Gao Jianfeng, the founding partner of Shanghai Bogai Consulting, believes that for Honey Snow Ice City, which focuses on sinking the market and adopts the franchise model, 20,000 stores have not yet reached the scale ceiling. "The low price means a wide audience; A large number of stores are opened in non-central cities and non-central lots, and there is still a lot of space to cover, and the upper limit is relatively high; Moreover, the proportion of direct sales is very low, and there is a lot of room for expansion under the mature franchise model. "

Lin Yue, chief consultant of Lingyan Management Consulting, also believes that there is still room for expansion in the third, fourth and fifth tier cities and even counties and towns, and this has always been its "main battlefield".

More than 20,000 stores have created considerable revenue for Mixue Ice City.

In the three years from 2019 to 2021, the revenue of Mixue Ice City Company soared by 303%, from 2.57 billion to 10.35 billion.Among them, the revenue in 2020 increased by 82% year-on-year to 4.68 billion.

However, unlike other direct tea brands, the income of Mi Xue Bing Cheng does not directly come from product retail.

From the perspective of revenue composition,There are three main sources of income for Honey Snow Ice City. One is to sell franchisees the ingredients, packaging materials, equipment and facilities and operating materials needed to make products. The second is to collect management fees from franchisees; The third is the retail income of products from direct-operated stores.However, this part only accounts for less than 1% of the total revenue.

Source/Prospectus of Revenue Composition of Mixue Ice City

That is to say,99% of the money earned by Mi Xue Ice City is the money of franchisees.

In 2021, the revenue of Honey Snow Ice City was 10.35 billion, of which 7.23 billion were sold to franchisees, accounting for 70%. Selling packaging materials to franchisees, 1.78 billion, accounting for 17%; Selling equipment and operating materials, there are 1.05 billion, accounting for about 10%; The franchise management fee is nearly 200 million, accounting for about 2%.

The sales of brand terminals are more than that.

According to the prospectus,The terminal sales of the company’s "Mi Xue Bing Cheng" brand stores in 2021 is about 20 billion yuan.. In comparison, Naixue’s tea, whose revenue mainly depends on product retail, earned 4.3 billion yuan in 2021, almost one-fifth of that of Honey Snow Ice City.

Although there are over 20,000 stores and retail sales are as high as 20 billion, the market share of Honey Snow Ice City is not as high as expected. According to the prospectus,Its sales in 2021 accounted for about 7.15% of the market size of the existing tea industry; The number of stores accounts for about 5.13% of the total number of existing tea shops.

Tea itself is a relatively low concentration industry. In 2020, the market share of Naixue’s tea, the "first stock of new tea", was only 3.9%.

"The industry is still developing rapidly, and there is still a lot of room for growth in brand potential." Gao Jianfeng said, but for Mixue Ice City, it is necessary to provide support and services to franchisees, ensure the quality of ingredients and product innovation, and control the cost and price of raw materials in order to remain attractive to franchisees.

Under the current revenue structure, it is actually difficult to discuss Mi Xue Ice City with the tea brands in the direct mode on a track. “It is more like a brand of beverage and food supply chain in the name of tea brand.. "

"You can compare it to Sanquan and Missing in quick-frozen food, Mengniu and Yili in ice cream, or Yanjin Shop and Laiyifen in snacks. In essence, stores are sales outlets. What Mi Xue Ice City needs to do is to manage the brand well, the products are innovative and the quality is guaranteed. " Gao Jianfeng analyzed, therefore, the prospectus will inevitably emphasize the franchise management ability, supply chain ability and commodity distribution ability.

This non-heavy asset operation mode, which is different from other direct brands, has directly refreshed the financial performance of Honey Snow Ice City.

Because the revenue mainly depends on selling ingredients, packaging materials and equipment, the gross profit margin of Honey Snow Ice City is not high, only about 30%, far below the industry average of more than 60%.

However,Because 99% of the stores are franchise stores, the brand does not have to bear the store rent and employee salary, which directly saves a lot of cost.. In terms of employee salary, the employees of Mixue Ice City are mainly production personnel and sales personnel. In 2021, the employee salary is only 150 million, while the employee cost of Naixue tea is as high as 1.4 billion a year under the store direct mode.

Moreover, unlike some new consumer brands,Mixue Ice City affects consumers by store coverage, and does not need to spend too much money on marketing and advertising.Even in 2021, when "You love me, I love you, honey snow and ice city are sweet" resounded all over the Internet, its advertising expenses and brand building expenses added up to only 43 million.

In this way, the honey snow ice city, which spends half a penny, has a net interest rate of 18% on the premise of a gross profit margin of only 30%.From 2019 to 2021, Mixue Ice City achieved net profits of 440 million, 630 million and 1.91 billion respectively, and made a net profit of 390 million in the first quarter of 2022.

Financial mapping of pineapple opening

When the brand is full, can the franchisee drink soup with it?

Many franchisees of Honey Snow Ice City have revealed to Kaipineapple Finance that the purchase of materials accounts for about 50% of the store’s turnover, the rent and employee’s salary are close to 20%, and the profit is 15-20% excluding other expenses.

Franchisees buy raw materials from the brand, but because the product price is low, the ratio of cost to revenue becomes higher. However, affected by the epidemic, the profits of franchisees who bear the rent and labor costs are affected.

Gao Jianfeng pointed out that under this business model,Part of the risk of Honey Snow Ice City was passed on to franchisees."Of course, if you can make money, franchisees are willing to take risks, and ensuring the interests of franchisees is the key. However, it is difficult to generalize whether you can make money."

According to the prospectus, after the number of Mi Xue Bing Cheng stores exceeded 10,000, the reshuffle continued. In 2020, there were 331 closed franchise stores, and in 2021, 585 were closed. In Gao Jianfeng’s view, the renewal rate of franchise stores in Mi Xue Bing Cheng is relatively fast. "There are too many stores, and some of them may not really make money."

Lin Yue believes that Mi Xue Ice City is highly dependent on the franchisee model, which is difficult to manage, and it also tests the rationality, synergy and overall strategy of the store layout.

In the past two years, the involution of tea is serious, and many brands have opened up the second battlefield, marching into coffee, ice cream, bottled drinks, etc., and Honey Snow Ice City is no exception.

Its brand "Lucky Coffee", a freshly ground coffee chain, almost completely copied the style of Mi Xue Bing Cheng: low price, sinking and joining.

According to the prospectus, the average product price of Lucky Coffee is 8 yuan. This is almost the lowest price coffee brand on the market, and the store menu shows that its cheapest product, a cup of freshly ground American coffee, is only 5 yuan.

By the end of March this year, there were 636 lucky coffee shops.Among them, 629 are franchise stores, most of which were opened in 2020 and 2021. Last year, the expansion was the fastest, with 323 new stores opened a year. Except for universities in new first-tier and second-tier cities, most of these stores are located in third-tier and below cities.

The prospectus did not disclose the revenue of lucky coffee. Kaipineapple Finance learned at the beginning of this year that most lucky coffee shops have a single-day revenue of around 2,000 yuan, 70% of which is profitable, but the return period is about one and a half years.

Zhang Hongfu, general manager of Honey Snow Ice City, once said, "Lucky Coffee should be cheap coffee in county towns and even small towns, and a coffee version of Honey Snow Ice City will be reproduced within five years". At present, since most stores are newly opened in the second half of 2021, the future expansion prospects have yet to be verified.

Narrow-door dining eyes show that there are currently 1,143 stores of Lucky Cafe, compared with 463 at the end of last year, an increase of 680 in three quarters.

High addiction, high repurchase and high gross profit have made coffee a red sea after tea in the past two years. However, in the third-tier and below cities in China, the brand of freshly ground coffee is vacant, the penetration rate is low, and there is demand for services. The sinking of coffee is considered as a major trend in the industry.

However, Lin Yue believes that "it is difficult to copy the model of tea drinking to operate if cheap coffee is to gain a foothold in the county". He believes that "this has something to do with product characteristics. Coffee and ice cream pay more attention to consumption scenes and atmosphere, and products should also be differentiated and have their own style." Fair-priced coffee has a market in third-,fourth-and fifth-tier cities, but it has not shown the potential to grow in a second curve at present.

Gao Jianfeng analyzed that, first of all, the coffee and tea markets are different. Young people are the main drinkers of milk tea, and the possible consumption power and consumption potential of drinking coffee are higher. It is difficult to incite consumers’ trust with low prices.

Moreover, the concentration of coffee industry is higher than that of milk tea, and the sinking consumer group is not as huge as expected. Before the expansion model is implemented, it takes time for market education.

In contrast, Gao Jianfeng thinks that tea going out to sea may be more attractive to the capital market.

According to the prospectus,By the end of March this year, Mixue Ice City had opened 317 stores in Indonesia and 249 stores in Vietnam.

"Honey Snow Ice City is in Southeast Asia, and the main market is also the Chinese market. Moreover, Southeast Asian countries have their own cold drink consumption habits, and China tea has the opportunity to complete local brand substitution." In his view, in the Southeast Asian market, China tea brands such as Mi Xue Bing Cheng still have more room for growth.

In the eyes of many analysts, coffee going to the countryside and tea going out to sea are the expansion of the battlefield, but on the main runway, Honey Snow Ice City needs new stories.

Lin Yue believes that the huge joining in the empire has created the myth of a snow-covered ice city, but with the rising operating costs, the bottleneck may become more and more obvious. Nowadays, the first-line head brands in the track are also extending downward, including the layout of sinking channels and product categories. Coupled with the new cross-border players, market competition continues to intensify.

In his view, listing can alleviate these problems to a certain extent, but with capital investment, more investment should be made in product research and development, sub-brand cultivation and channel layout upgrading.

This article is published by Entrepreneurial State authorized by the columnist, and the copyright belongs to the original author. The article is the author’s personal opinion and does not represent the position of the entrepreneurial state. Please contact the original author for reprinting. If you have any questions, please contact editor@cyzone.cn.

　　() The record of investor relations activities was released on August 1, and the company was investigated by 23 institutions on July 29, 2022. The types of institutions are other institutions, fund companies, overseas institutions, securities companies and sunshine private equity institutions.

　　The main contents of investor relations activities are introduced:

　　I. Introduction of the Company’s Operation by the Secretary-General At present, the company’s development is in a state of gradual recovery after a series of storms. To sum up the storms experienced by the company in the past few years, first of all, the relatively radical expansion before 2018 left a certain financial pressure on the company, which is also the core reason for the company’s poor performance in recent years; Secondly, the impact of the epidemic on the company’s overseas business development, including the limitation of business activities and the tilt of customer budget to fight the epidemic, led to the delay of projects in some countries and regions; Third, the intellectual property and trade secret litigation has consumed a lot of energy of the company, including management energy, resource investment in product renewal, legal expenses, and the financial pressure brought by some financial institutions in the past.

　　Today, looking back, the company has made some achievements in the process of gradually stabilizing its operations.

　　On the product side, the company has defined the product strategy of "2+3+1", and "2" stands for the basic disk business of narrowband digital trunking. The company has the world’s leading products and brands in the three mainstream digital standards of DMR/PDT/TETRA. With the gradual recovery of the industry in the post-epidemic era, the basic disk business will achieve steady growth. "3" stands for the company’s growth business, which realizes the upgrade from narrowband to broadband and the integration from private network to public network under the trend of broadband, intelligence and platform, and meets the needs of customers such as unified communication, multimedia command and dispatch and video application, mainly including unified communication, command and dispatch platform, 4G/5G broadband and other products. After years of investment, the company’s growth business has been continuously optimized and adapted to customers’ needs, and it has entered a stage of rapid growth. Last year, its revenue increased by 60%, accounting for more than 10% of the total revenue. Among them, the integration business of public colleges and universities doubled, and it also maintained a good growth trend in the first half of this year, which is expected to become a new growth curve outside the narrow-band basic disk business.

　　On the marketing side, the company has comprehensively promoted the reform of the marketing system, shifting from leading large-scale projects in the past to exerting strength through channels, and expanding the industry market by developing more industry partners and agents. In the past few years, the company’s big project strategy has helped the company to establish cooperation and recognition covering high-end public safety and key industry customers around the world, become the world’s leading private network brand, and achieve rapid growth in revenue. However, the epidemic situation has brought some uncertainties to the expansion of the company’s large projects, which led to the delay of some projects, and the impact was more significant than that of the channel business. The company adjusts its marketing strategy in time, in order to further consolidate its business foundation, vigorously develop channel partners and industry partners, expand the ecological circle of business cooperation, realize better operating cash flow, and also contribute to the promotion of new products such as growth business. In addition, the company continued to promote digital transformation, fully implemented digital marketing and digital operation, opened up the whole L2C process, and improved the overall operational efficiency.

　　On the financial side, in the years of rapid growth in 2015-2017, the asset-liability ratio and the period expense ratio increased rapidly, which also exposed the financial deficiencies of the company at this stage, which was the main reason for the unsatisfactory performance in the following period. Since 2018, the company has implemented management reform, promoted refined management, paid close attention to business quality and cash flow, and gradually optimized its financial situation. However, in the process, it encountered different degrees of influence and challenges brought by epidemic and litigation, which prolonged this change cycle. In recent years, the company’s operating cash flow has taken the lead in improving, which has been positive for ten consecutive quarters, and has recovered nearly 2.8 billion in cash in the past three years. At the same time, the asset-liability structure has been gradually optimized, and the asset-liability ratio has dropped from nearly 63% at the peak to below 55%. After the sale of Sepura, it is expected to further drop below 50%, which will also bring down the overall financing cost of the company and reduce interest expenses. In terms of expenses, through continuous refined management and personnel structure optimization, the company’s operating expenses are decreasing year by year and are currently in a relatively stable state. If this trend is maintained, the revenue side is confident to gradually recover and improve its profitability by relying on the recovery of the main basic disk business and the pull of the growth business.

　　In addition, in the future, the company will strive to resolve risks and reduce the impact of external factors such as litigation on the company on the basis of sustained growth in performance. At the same time, strengthen compliance and internal control management, strictly follow the four "high-quality" development principles, and constantly improve their ability to resist risks through high-quality talents, high-quality customers, high-quality products and high-quality orders.

　　Second, the exchange and interaction links

　　Q: How does the company view the future development trend of the industry? What are the advantages of the company compared with its competitors?

　　A: Private network communication belongs to the subdivision of network communication, and provides daily work communication, emergency communication and command and dispatch in key scenarios for industry customers. Similar to the public network, the customer demand of the private network industry is also upgrading with the technology upgrade. China’s private network industry experienced a technological upgrade from "analog to digital" from "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" to "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan". The company seized the development opportunity and made some achievements in combination with the internationalization strategy.

　　At present, the public network has developed to 5G, and the private network is also developing from narrowband to broadband. The application scenarios of 5G are more reflected in the industry market, and the terminal products are also developing in the direction of intelligent terminals and the Internet of Things. At the same time, the requirements for the unified communication platform have been improved, and the company’s entire products are laid out around the evolution direction of the private network communication industry. As a specialized communication equipment and solution enterprise in China, compared with overseas manufacturers, the company has more advantages in new fields such as 5G and AI in the process of broadband upgrade, and at the same time, our supply chain support capability is more perfect. In the new business field, the company has achieved technological leadership, taking the lead in releasing a number of industry-leading systems, platforms and terminal products, and will continue to maintain industry leadership in the future.

　　Q: The company turned losses into profits in the first half of the year. What changes have been made in management? Can it continue the trend of improvement?

　　A: Last year’s performance loss was mainly due to the epidemic, which affected overseas business income. This year, business activities in overseas areas gradually recovered. At the same time, the company implemented marketing changes and proactively strengthened the localization layout, especially in the expansion of industry channels and distributors. By developing more partners, it helped the company to expand overseas customers, and through some targeted incentives, it stimulated internal enthusiasm and guaranteed the goal. Thanks to the promotion of the company’s channel strategy and the promotion of new products, the company’s European and American channel industry achieved rapid growth in the first half of the year.

　　In addition, the company examines the completion of objectives through regular meetings and promotes the achievement of objectives through process management. In the first quarter, the company’s revenue achieved an increase of nearly 20%, and it also maintained a stable growth trend in the second quarter. This year is a crucial year for the company to lay the foundation for its subsequent development. The company will strive to maintain a good trend of financial indicators, further consolidate the narrow-band basic disk business on the product side, and gradually increase the proportion of growth businesses.

　　Q: In what ways has the company’s cash flow improved? What are the specific measures?

　　A: From the perspective of enterprise management, cash flow is the most critical. In the past few years, the company has effectively responded to and alleviated the challenge of tight capital by disposing of some fixed assets and combining good operating cash flow.

　　Throughout the whole industry, private communication is a business with good cash flow, which was in the stage of rapid expansion before, paying more attention to the growth of scale and ignoring the attention to cash flow. Since 2018, the company has turned to high-quality development, promoted refined management, put forward higher requirements for business profitability and payment return, and included accounts receivable management in sales assessment. Affected by external factors, the company’s revenue has not increased in the past two years, but it has ensured the healthy and stable revenue quality and cash flow, and the net operating cash flow has reached an average annual level of 600-700 million.

　　Q: Has the current tension in the upstream supply chain eased? What is the trend of gross profit margin?

　　A: In terms of supply chain, affected by the international environment, there was some tension from the second half of last year to the first half of this year. In the fourth quarter of last year, the company’s gross profit margin declined due to exchange and the price increase of upstream raw materials. Thanks to the company’s previous strategic stocking and domestic substitution strategy, the company has been well protected in the supply chain this year, and we judge that the upstream supply pressure will be significantly alleviated in the second half of the year.

　　Q: What is the company’s future R&D investment plan?

　　A: In terms of R&D, the company has optimized its product strategy around "2+3+1", which is more focused than in the past. In the past two years, we have focused on the research and development of growth-oriented business products, made some domestic substitutions and adaptations, and released H series products of a new generation platform. The core of the company’s follow-up research and development will still focus on the optimization of growth business, 5G application, new intelligent terminal products, etc., and keep certain industry tracking and related investment in unmanned equipment and low-orbit satellites in a forward-looking manner.

　　Q: What is the control goal of the company’s expense rate? What is the specific strategy to control expenses?

　　A: The company’s overall cost target this year is not to increase in absolute value, and all departments are also allocating and implementing it according to this principle.

　　In 2021, the overall expenses of the company will be around 3 billion, including more than 600 million non-operating expenses such as interest, exchange, impairment and legal fees. After the company sells Sepura, it will repay some high-cost loans, and the interest-bearing liabilities, financing costs and interest expenses will be greatly reduced. Last year, the company generated about 149 million exchange losses, and the exchange in the first half of this year has achieved positive gains. The legal expenses were more than 100 million yuan last year, and this year the whole will remain within the controllable range.

　　In the past two years, compared with the peak period, the company has reduced its staff by about one-third, and its operating expenses have been continuously reduced.

　　At the same time, the company has increased the proportion of front-line sales personnel within the marketing system and made efforts. With the future revenue growth, the sales expense ratio will gradually decrease. Looking at the whole year, we hope that while the absolute value of operating expenses will not increase, the overall expense rate will be improved through the growth of income.

　　Q: What are the company’s business objectives for the whole year, and what are the changes compared with the beginning of the year?

　　A: Last year, due to the epidemic, the company’s income failed to meet expectations, and at the same time, it suffered losses due to the impairment of goodwill and exchange.

　　At the beginning of this year, the company’s business goal was to achieve profitability throughout the year. At present, the company has achieved the profitability goal in stages in the first half of the year. In the second half of the year, according to the seasonal practice of the industry, the revenue will increase compared with the first half of the year. At the same time, the sale of Sepura in the third quarter is expected to bring about an investment income of about 290 million yuan. The new annual target company will be further defined internally, and the specific performance can be paid attention to the company’s regular report.

　　Q: How is the company’s EMS business going?

　　A: The company’s EMS business earned about 700 million yuan in 21 years, and its main businesses include automotive electronics, robotics, blockchain, communications and other businesses. Among them, the robot business accounts for a relatively high proportion, and its main customers include some domestic head manufacturers such as service robots, drones and balance cars. Automotive electronics is an important module cultivated in recent two years, and its customers include the world’s leading power battery manufacturers and new energy automobile manufacturers such as Geely, GAC and Jin Kang.

　　At present, the company’s EMS business has entered a period of stable development. The year-on-year decline in EMS revenue in 2021 is mainly due to the divestiture of some optical communication services in 2020. Excluding this impact, the EMS revenue of the same caliber achieved a slight growth last year and will continue to maintain a steady growth trend this year.

　　Q: What is the current progress of the company’s broadband business?

　　A: At present, the public network has entered the 5G stage, and the private network is also developing from narrowband to broadband. The company’s broadband service BU is integrating 4G and 5G technologies to provide high-performance 4G boards and 5G industrial Internet solutions in China; In the past two years, the company has had some project opportunities in overseas operators and industry markets, including the emergency communication network project jointly won by the company and Telefonica, which includes some broadband products. Repeated outbreaks have delayed some projects. With the focus of domestic head equipment manufacturers’ business, the company has more opportunities to grasp in overseas operators’ markets. The company is still optimistic about such opportunities and will continue to follow them.

　　Hainengda Communication Co., Ltd. is a major provider of professional wireless communication equipment in the world. The company is mainly engaged in the research and development, production, sales and service of professional wireless communication equipment such as walkie-talkie terminals and trunking systems, and provides overall solutions. The main businesses are narrow-band private network products and solutions, 4G/5G broadband private network products and solutions, public-private integration products and solutions, command and dispatch intelligent integration and emergency communication solutions, satellite communication products and solutions, AI products and solutions, public safety industry, government emergency, transportation, energy industry, industry and commerce, integrated communication and modified vehicles, intelligent manufacturing, etc. The company is a leading enterprise in the domestic professional wireless communication industry. The company has applied for 2,030 patents, including 372 overseas patents and 851 authorized patents, most of which are invention patents, and has a number of core technologies and independent intellectual property rights that have reached the leading level in the industry. The company has successively won important honorary titles such as Key Software Enterprise in National Planning, National High-tech Enterprise, National Innovation and Technology Demonstration Enterprise, National Enterprise Technology Center, Guangdong Provincial Government Quality Award, Guangdong Intellectual Property Demonstration Enterprise, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory and China Industry-University-Research Cooperation and Innovation Award.

　　Details of participating institutions are as follows:

Nezha: Birth of the Demon Child

1905 movie network news 　Recently, a poster of "The Deep Sea Dragon of Erlang God" has been circulating on the Internet. The poster is marked as "Newly Built by the Production Team", and with a similar poster style, it is easy for people to mistake it for a new animation series of China myths.

Poster of "Erlang Shen’s Deep Sea Dragon"

Even online bloggers posted that the film was created by The Return of the Great Sage and Ne Zha’s original crew, and the universe of China mythological films was about to open. Many viewers believe it.

Joint statement refutes rumors

On December 31st, Light Media, Striped House and Ne Zha’s core creative team (October Media, Cocoa Bean, and Chuanhe Road) issued a statement denying the rumor, saying that it had nothing to do with this online "Erlang Shen Movie", and also revealed that the Yang Jian part of "Striped House China Myth Series" had been prepared for a long time, so please look forward to it.

　　There is a seminar room in the Philosophy Department of Jena University in Germany, where many thinkers and philosophers have given lectures. Fichte, a burly figure, knocked on the blackboard again and again: "Kant’s thing itself is redundant." Schelling shouted that his classmates would go to the yard with him to feel the beauty of nature. "Let’s go, don’t let spring wait." Hegel did not understand the kindness of his college roommate Schelling, and said coldly, "All cows in the night are black."

　　Young friends, from the words of these philosophers, you must have come to a conclusion: philosophy is really incomprehensible. Therefore, not to mention those students who have obtained the doctorate of philosophy, in the eyes of ordinary people, they are more like a group of "heterogeneous".

　　On April 15, 1841, a doctoral thesis defense meeting was held in this seminar room, but the defense scene was surprisingly quiet becauseThe protagonist of the defense didn’t appear. After reading the paper, the experts of the judges unanimously decided that this is an excellent doctoral thesis. Although I didn’t come, the situation was special, but I should still be awarded a doctorate.

　　thisThe "aliens" who didn’t attend the defense are our protagonists — — Marx.

　　So, how did Marx write his doctoral thesis? What did he write in his doctoral thesis? Why did you get a doctorate from Jena University? Don’t worry, let’s come together.

　　In 1836, Marx transferred to Berlin University to study philosophy. He was upgraded to a diligent "scholar". Every day, besides reading books, he also listened to doctors and young teachers arguing and chatting. These young people were loyal followers of Hegel’s philosophy and formed an academic group called "young hegelians". Among these people, one has the closest relationship with Marx. He not only helped Marx with his studies, but also helped Marx plan his future career. He was the mentor during Marx’s university — — Bruno Powell, a theological lecturer at the University of Berlin, played an important role in Marx’s life development and planning in the next few years. For example, it was with Powell’s encouragement that Marx decided to write his doctoral thesis, followed Powell’s suggestion, and finally sent it to Jena, where he obtained his doctorate.

　　It is only a short period of five years from Marx to the University of Berlin to study philosophy and then to his doctorate. But this period is extremely important for his academic development, ideological development and life development. This importance is embodied in the choice of the following three important things. Next, I will introduce three important things about him to you.

　　The first thing is to change majors.

　　Dear students, how did you choose your major in the college entrance examination? Are you satisfied with your major?

　　Like many of our classmates now, Marx faced the problem of dissatisfaction with his major in his youth. He initially followed his father’s advice and chose a popular law major, but soon found his real interest and transferred to a less popular philosophy major. Interest is the best teacher and the driving force to get rid of secular vision.

　　When Marx studied law at Bonn University according to his father’s wishes, his interest was not strong, and he even smoked, drank and played truant with other young people. Later, his father wrote to severely criticize him and warned him that if he neglected his studies, he would cut off his financial resources. Therefore, Marx chose to transfer to another school and major, and devoted himself to academic research with great enthusiasm.

　　horseAlthough Marx’s choice of philosophy is related to his interest, the more fundamental reason lies in the mission undertaken by philosophy.In Greek philosophy, philosophy is knowledge that loves wisdom, and philosophy is concerned with the origin of the world. Where did our world come from, and where did we humans come from? In modern times, philosophers have a deeper understanding of philosophy. Hegel said that philosophy is an era that is grasped in thought. Later, Marx said this sentence as "philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times." These two expressions have a common element, that is, philosophy is closely related to the times, and philosophy is the most profound understanding of the times. Marx’s choice of philosophy is basically to deeply understand his era, its characteristics and its mission. Only philosophy can undertake this mission.

　　The second thing is that Marx wrote a paper.

　　Writing a thesis is a big test for many college students. The basic requirement of a qualified academic paper is to express your views on a certain issue and demonstrate your views, not only to ensure that your views are not backward or outdated, but also to be persuasive and supported by documents. For many liberal arts students, it is not difficult to look up documents and write opinions. What is difficult is to "gather words". Especially for doctoral dissertations, the number of words in an excellent doctoral dissertation in liberal arts is generally about 150,000-200,000 words, but for most people who don’t study for a doctoral degree, it is very likely that they will not be able to write so many words in their lifetime. What’s more, a Ph.D. thesis itself requires a standardized deduction and demonstration with philosophical concepts, which is simply difficult to go to the sky.

　　Since Marx chose his favorite philosophy major, he should show his superior strength in philosophy. The most direct way is to choose a most difficult topic in the already difficult philosophy field. This paper is best to be the most difficult of all papers, that is, the doctoral thesis, in one step.

　　At this time, Marx’s mentor Powell went to Bonn University to teach. He hoped that Marx would finish his doctoral thesis and get a doctorate as soon as possible, so that he could strive for a teacher position in Bonn University and work as a colleague together. So in the second half of 1840, Marx began to write his doctoral thesis. His doctoral thesis was titled "On the Difference between democritus’s Natural Philosophy and Ebinur’s Natural Philosophy".

　　Democritus, Epicurus and Natural Philosophy. What do these three words mean?

　　The first two words are the names of two ancient Greek philosophers. Natural philosophy is a research field in ancient Greek philosophy, which mainly discusses the origin and composition of the world. Interestingly, the two ancient Greek philosophers have discussed a common problem, that is, matter is composed of tiny and indivisible atoms, and matter moves and changes because of the movement of atoms themselves. So, what exactly is the movement of atoms? Democritus thought that the motion of the atom was a straight line motion along the established orbit, but Epicurus thought that the motion of the atom was a deflection motion containing contingency, which would leave the established orbit and realize its real intention — — Freedom.

　　Marx chose this topic because it is difficult to write and because it is related to Marx’s position. It can be said that Marx clearly put forward the position of freedom through this doctoral thesis.

　　Marx believes that the movement of atoms deviating from the orbit is tantamount to a "revolution" for the original established orbit. Marx devoted his whole life to the cause of revolution, which was the fate of the capitalist system in the name of liberalism and against the reality of human freedom, and he believed that real freedom is the all-round development of human beings, which can only be truly realized in a communist society.

　　The third thing is to change the school defense.

　　At the beginning of 1841, Marx’s doctoral thesis was finally finished. According to the doctoral degree training procedure, he still needed to defend his thesis before he could really get a doctorate in philosophy. However, no matter how well the paper is written, it must be appreciated, otherwise it will be difficult to pass the expert review and defense. At this time, Marx realized that for the increasingly conservative University of Berlin, it was difficult to conquer the authoritative experts with the viewpoint of freedom in his thesis, and he could only find a university that could recognize his academic views to defend. So, at Powell’s suggestion, Marx chose Jena University.

　　What kind of school is Jena University? Located in Thuringia in eastern Germany, it is a prestigious university in Germany. At present, its majors such as philosophy, optics and German education are still in the leading position in the world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the University of Jena was the center of modern European ideological movement. It was also an important town of legal research at that time. The father of the philosopher Feuerbach, the old Feuerbach, was a criminologist in Jena. Before Marx chose to defend at Jena University, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, important representatives of German classical philosophy, all taught in Jena successively. It can be said that this place is full of bright stars and liberal and enlightened style of study.

　　Therefore, Marx chose to obtain a doctorate from the University of Jena. Judging from the results, basically as Marx wished, the doctoral thesis was completed at the end of March 1841, and Marx sent it to the Philosophy Department of Jena University on April 6. On April 15, when Marx himself was not present, the thesis was unanimously passed, and the experts in the defense group decided to award Marx a doctorate in philosophy from Jena University. However, after Marx got his doctorate, did he successfully enter the university to teach? We’ll leave this question for you to solve later.

　　-Ben finished-

　　Teacher: Li Yushu

　　Next episode preview:

　　Marx finally found a job. This job is not what Marx wanted as a university teacher, but as an editor of Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne. When I first started editing, I was not happy, but then, Marx also found unexpected joy in his work. By paying attention to and studying the economic and social situation in the Rhine region, we can observe a real German society.

　　See you tomorrow ~

Hello, little friends

The 2022 multi-provincial civil service examination was restarted on July 9.

The sprint time for preparing for the exam is less than one month.

What I shared today is

data analysisFrequently asked questions type identification, formula and quick calculation skills

Knowledge points are memorized by heart,The examination room is like a duck to water

Hurry up and learn with Tu Tu.

I. Amount of base period

I. Calculation of base period:

1. Find the amount of base period

[Identification] Given this year, find the quantity of last year. (Current quantity and growth rate are known)

[formula]

[Quick calculation skills] If 丨 r 丨 ≤5%, divide it into multiplication; If è r 丨 > 5%, truncate and divide directly.

2. Base period difference:

[Identification] Give the numerical value of a certain word this year and the growth rate of this year compared with last year, and ask how much is the difference between these two words last year? That is, to find the difference between the occurrence period and the growth rate.

[formula]

[Quick calculation skills] 1. If the option is two positive and two negative, two sets of the same data: exclude the current difference and compare the sizes; 2. If the option is four values: calculate two base periods separately; if direct division is adopted, three digits are truncated and two digits are calculated.

Second, the base period quantity comparison:

[Quick calculation skills] First look (fractional nature, magnitude), second calculation (truncation and direct division)

Second, the growth amount

I. Calculation of growth:

1. [Identification] Give the values of this year and last year, and ask whether this year’s XX is more (less) than last year’s … yuan (tons, mu …)?

[Formula] Growth amount = current amount-base amount, and decrease amount = base amount-current amount

[Quick calculation skills] The mantissa method and truncation are the same

2. [Identification] Given this year’s numerical value and year-on-year growth rate, ask whether this year’s XX is … yuan (ton) higher/lower than last year’s.

[formula]

[Quick calculation skills] When the growth rate is greater than 0, the growth rate is ≈1/n, and the growth amount = current amount /(n+1) (referred to as the principle of n+1).

When the growth rate is less than 0 and the reduction rate is ≈1/n, the reduction amount = current amount /(n-1) (referred to as the n-1 principle for short).

3. Average annual growth

[Identification] How much does XX-XX increase annually on average (tons, mu …)?

[Formula] Average annual growth =

[Quick calculation skills] Cut off the position and divide it directly

Second, the growth comparison:

1. The current amount and base amount are given.After calculation and comparison, some problems can also be judged by directly observing the column height difference.

2. Given the current volume and growth rate：

[Formula] Big is big (if the current volume is large and the growth rate is large, the growth amount must be large); One big one underestimates the product (the larger the "current quantity ×r", the greater the growth).

Note: If the difference between "1+r" is too large (several times), "current quantity ×r" cannot be used for comparison.

Comparison of change amount: if the current amount is large, the change amount is large; The larger the product of current quantity ×r, the larger the change.

Fractional percentage conversion table

Third, the growth rate

I. General growth rate：

1. Calculation of growth rate

[Identification] A is more than B (increased/expanded/increased) …% (times)

(1) percentage points, rate of addition and subtraction.

② [Formula]

"Quick calculation" Truncated direct division

2. Calculation of reduction rate

[Identification] A is less (decreased) than B..

[formula]

"Quick calculation" Truncated direct division

3. Comparison of growth rates

[Quick calculation skills] Incremental substitution method, multiple substitution method and score comparison method (one look and two calculations)

Second, the special growth rate:

1. Interval growth rate

[Identification] Time interval is one year, and the growth rate is calculated.

[Formula] R = R1+R2+R1× R2

[Quick calculation skills] 1. Both R1 and r2 are less than 10%, ignoring r1×r2；; 2. When calculating r1×r2, use the special fraction method.

2. Mixed growth rate

[Identification] The whole appears to be composed of parts, and the growth rate is sought.

[Formula] The overall growth rate is between some growth rates, and it is biased towards the side with a large base (biased towards the side with a large base period, generally replaced by the current amount).

Common can use some statements of mixed growth rate rule:

Annual = first half+second half = first three quarters+fourth quarter; Import and export = import+export;Real estate = real estate+real estate;Total transportation = freight+passenger;Export value = import value+surplus;Urban and rural = town+country

Fourth, the specific gravity

definitionSpecific gravity refers to the proportion of a certain part or individual in the total, which is generally in the form of percentage.

Question type characteristics: the proportion of a; The proportion of a in b.

formula: Specific gravity = partial quantity/total quantity

Classification of questions:

First, the calculation class

Question 1: What is the proportion of A to B in the current period?

Specific gravity = partial quantity/whole quantity, and the truncation is divided directly.

Total quantity = partial quantity/specific quantity, truncated direct division.

Partial quantity = whole quantity × specific gravity, and special value or scaling is considered in multiplication.

Question 2: what is the proportion of a to b in the past year?

Formula: specific gravity of base period =

Quick calculation skills: calculate half; Split-1 method

Question 3: According to the difference between the two periods, the proportion of A to B this year has changed by … percentage points (%) compared with the previous year?

Formula: Difference of specific gravity between two periods =

Second, the specific gravity comparison:

Score comparison method (one look, two calculations)

V. Average value

average numberIt is a quantity that represents the trend in a set of data, and it refers to the quotient obtained by dividing the sum of all data in a set of data by the number of this set of data.

characteristic: "every", "average" and "company" appear.

formula: Average = Total/Total = Back/Front

Error-prone unit conversion: 1 ton =2000 Jin, 1 hectare =15 mu.

Question 1: Average multiple numbers.

Formula: average = total number/total number

Quick calculation skills: ① observation; ② Median value method.

Question 2: What are the numbers of "every ……", "all ……" and "unit ……" this year?

Formula: current average = total number/total number = back/front =A/B

Quick calculation skill: direct division by truncation

Question 3: What was the number of "every …", "all …" and "unit …" in the past year?

Formula: base period average =

Quick calculation skills: calculate half and split one method

Question 4: The average of XX this year is RMB/person higher (lower) than last year?

Formula: average growth =

Question 5: The average of XX this year is ……% higher (lower) than last year?

Formula: average growth rate =

Six, multiple

Multiply is the relative number compared by two related indicators.A is A/B times that of B.

Question 1: Is A … times that of B this year?

Formula: current multiple =A/B

Quick calculation skill: direct division by truncation

Question 2: Last year, A was … times that of B?

Formula: base period multiple =

Quick calculation skills: calculate half and split one method

VII. Comprehensive analysis

[Skill]

1. Error-prone points (ask √ skip, ask × look first): percentage, deficiency, doubling, and favorable deficit.

2. Simple priority:

(1) first look at the options of formula (two-period proportion, two-period average, growth comparison, mixed growth rate, etc.), direct reading and simple addition and subtraction.

(2) give priority to the material "year" option, and the time point gives priority to the time period.

③ Skip the interval year, the ratio of base period, and those that are complicated in calculation and incomprehensible.

pithy mnemonic formula: ① comparison of two periods (A > B, rising; A < b, down); ② Comparison of base period (lean camel is bigger than horse: the base period with obvious current period is generally bigger); (3) comparison of growth (the bigger the product, the bigger the product); (4) Mixed class (the whole is between the parts, and it is biased towards the party with larger cardinality)

Collect it! Take a look before the exam and get an extra point!

　　deny/refute/spike a rumour

　　People who often make steamed bread must be familiar with baking soda, which is a necessary hair artifact for families.

　　Recently, however, on a short video platform, baking soda has become a "online celebrity". In the video, baking soda goes out of the kitchen and does other jobs: removing rust and scale, cleaning the washing machine, draining the sewer, whitening teeth, and removing stains in the toilet &hellip; &hellip; It can be said that you are proficient in all kinds of martial arts. But is baking soda really so magical?

　　Can remove rust and scale? The components of the two do not react with alkali at all.

　　Baking soda, namely sodium bicarbonate, also known as acid sodium carbonate, is an acid salt with the chemical formula of NaHCO3. When it is mixed with water, it is weakly alkaline. It is a crystalline white solid, but usually it is a fine powder with a slightly salty alkaline taste.

　　For the statement that baking soda can be used to remove scale and urine scale, a professional who asked not to be named told the Science and Technology Daily reporter that the components of scale are calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride; The urine scale on the toilet is some salts, such as carbonate, phosphate, ammonium salt, etc. These components will not react with alkali, and only acid can remove them, so baking soda cannot be used to remove scale and urine scale.

　　Besides not removing scale and urine scale, it is unscientific to say that baking soda and white vinegar can remove rust. The composition of rust is iron oxide, which does not react with alkali, so baking soda can’t remove rust. Although acetic acid can slowly dissolve rust, the concentration of acetic acid in white vinegar is only 3%&mdash; 5%, basically no rust removal effect. Using baking soda and white vinegar to remove rust from scissors will not only blunt scissors, but also accelerate the corrosion of scissors if they are not cleaned cleanly.

　　Then what is the correct rust removal method? Commonly used rust removal methods can be divided into physical methods and chemical methods. The physical method is mainly to remove rust by grinding, such as grinding with sandpaper, grinding wheel, steel wire brush and steel wire ball. The chemical method mainly uses the chemical reaction between acid and rust to achieve the purpose of rust removal. The main components of common rust remover in life are hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid, which can react with iron oxide. The principle is that the rust remover permeates the surface of steel products along the cracks between the rust layer and the impurity layer, causing dissolution and peeling of the rust layer and the impurity layer, so that the rust layer, impurities and oxide scale fall off the surface of steel products. However, acid is corrosive, so it is necessary to wear protective clothing when removing rust.

　　Can remove blackheads and whiten teeth? Listen to rumors. Be careful not to be beautiful.

　　Blackheads, also known as blackheads, are formed because sebaceous glands secrete too much sebum, which accumulates in the catheter, blocks and hardens, and then oxidizes and blackens in the air.

　　It is rumored that only a small amount of baking soda powder needs to be dissolved in water at a ratio of about 1: 10, and then wet it on the nose with a cotton pad or cotton ball. After 10 minutes, blackheads will all emerge.

　　In this regard, the online explanation is: "Baking soda is weakly alkaline after being dissolved in water. Under alkaline conditions, the main component oil of blackheads will undergo saponification reaction, and glycerol and fatty acid salts will be generated. Both glycerol and fatty acid salts have good water solubility, so the effect of blackheads can be achieved. " However, according to the report of Shell Network, this saponification reaction is relatively slow, and its speed has a great relationship with alkaline strength and reaction temperature. If it is at room temperature, under the weak alkaline conditions such as baking soda, if not completely unable to react, the reaction will wait until the end of time, and it will definitely not happen after "applying for more than ten minutes".

　　In this regard, Zhou Ping, the chief physician of the Department of Dermatology and Sexology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, also clearly told reporters: "Treating blackheads with baking soda is a rumor and unscientific!" Baking soda can cause great irritation to the skin and cannot be used to remove blackheads. Zhou Ping told reporters that in medicine, baking soda is mainly used to treat acidosis, and it is intravenous injection. "No matter at home or abroad, there is no practice of external use of baking soda in clinic."

　　In addition to blackheads, yellow teeth also annoy beauty lovers. The net baking soda has the effect of whitening teeth, which experts say is also unscientific.

　　Tooth yellow is divided into endogenous and exogenous. Exogenous yellow teeth are caused by the habit of smoking, drinking tea and coffee, or eating foods with heavy soy sauce, dark color and easy staining for a long time, and teeth will accumulate some pigments in this process. Endogenous tooth yellow is caused by an element, which occurs in tooth tissue.

　　"For endogenous tooth yellow, it is useless to do tooth washing and sandblasting. Ultrasonic tooth cleaning can’t solve it, and baking soda can’t solve it. Exogenous tooth yellow is caused by living habits. Baking soda can’t react with the deposited pigment, but it can only play a friction role and can’t solve the problem of tooth yellow. " Wei Hui, a dentist at Xiamen Siming Zall Dental Clinic, told reporters.

　　Xu Jingling, deputy chief physician of the Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, said: "For exogenous tooth yellow, conventional tooth washing and polishing can remove it and restore the white state of teeth. If the tooth itself is yellow, it can’t be cleaned. You can make tooth whitening and permanent porcelain veneer to improve the yellow state of the tooth. "

　　Although some studies show that toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate has better whitening and plaque removal effects than toothpaste without sodium bicarbonate. But this does not mean that you can brush your teeth directly with baking soda. Experts say that baking soda itself is an alkaline substance. If baking soda is used for a long time to brush teeth, it will destroy the bad environment in the teeth and corrode the teeth themselves.

　　What can I do? Widely used in food and medicine industries.

　　Although baking soda can’t do all the work mentioned above, it does have many uses, mainly as food additives and antacids, and is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

　　The most common use of baking soda is the kitchen &mdash; &mdash; Used as leavening agent for baking. When it reacts with acid, carbon dioxide will be released, causing the batter to swell. Can make pancakes, cakes, fast bread, soda bread and fried food. However, in the absence of acid, the thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate will produce sodium carbonate, and its strong alkalinity will make baked products bitter, soapy and yellow.

　　According to Xue Zhiyong, a researcher at Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in recent years, baking soda has been used as a feed additive (buffer) for livestock and poultry abroad. As a feed additive for ruminants, baking soda can play a buffering role in the rumen, neutralize the acidity of silage and organic acids produced by microbial fermentation in the stomach, keep the environment in the rumen neutral, provide a good growth environment for microorganisms, and facilitate the digestion of cellulose and other sugars. The experiment showed that the milk production peak of dairy cows fed with baking soda came early and kept high yield throughout the lactation period.

　　When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it will release carbon dioxide, so it can be used to put out fires, but it is not suitable for putting out open flames in oil pans, because its sudden release of gas may cause grease splashing. Baking soda can also be used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid leaks in chemical laboratories.

　　Medically, sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid dyspepsia and heartburn; Can relieve or reduce the symptoms of gastric irritation caused by oral aspirin; It can also be blended with appropriate amount of water, and baking soda can be made into paste and applied locally to the skin to alleviate some insect bites and accompanying swelling.

　　In addition, according to the published literature, sodium bicarbonate also has weak disinfection performance, which is an effective method to control the growth of fungi, and has been registered as a biological pesticide by the US Environmental Protection Agency, and can be applied to spa pools and garden ponds to improve its total alkalinity.

Workers are cleaning the glass curtain wall of a hotel.

　　　 Whether there is a glass curtain wall in the school building has become one of the criteria for judging universities by Yang Fujia, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences. On the 8th, at the 2007 annual meeting of China Association for Science and Technology held in Wuhan, Hubei Province, when asked about his impression of universities in Wuhan, Yang Fujia said that there are many universities in Wuhan, and there are many famous schools, and they all feel good, but he saw buildings with glass curtain walls in some universities, which made him dissatisfied. In the invited report meeting of the annual meeting, Yang Fujia also specially chose "Energy Saving and Emission Reduction and Doing Things as a Person" as the theme of the report. He talked about the starting point of energy conservation and emission reduction, which is the building. Because "99% of the existing buildings are high-energy buildings, and the heating energy consumption per unit building area is equivalent to 2 to 3 times that of developed countries with similar climatic conditions."

　　　 In the report, Yang Fujia showed a house designed by a British architect named Dunster. He personally visited the architect and visited the architect’s home. There are solar panels on the roof of Dunster’s house, and the wall insulation layer is very thick. Energy saving and environmental protection are considered in all aspects. Yang Fujia learned from Dunster’s subordinates that Dunster’s goal is to save energy and reduce emissions, and it is cheap and good.

　　　 However, the buildings in many cities in China are obviously dissatisfied with Yang Fujia. "Many buildings in Wuhan are covered with large pieces of glass. Where can there be such energy saving?"

　　　 He turned to say that the world’s largest school gate, the tallest building and the largest library all belong to China. "But which of these buildings is energy-efficient?" He believes that the building of glass curtain wall is especially unsuitable for colleges and universities, which will have an impact on the image and concept of colleges and universities.

　　　 In fact, this is not the only criticism of the glass curtain wall at the annual meeting of the Association for Science and Technology. On the 10th, the annual meeting of Green Building and Urban Energy Conservation Branch was held in Wuhan University, and some experts studying building energy conservation pointed their finger at the glass curtain wall.

　　　 Tang Mingfang, a professor at the School of Architecture and Urban Planning of Chongqing University, said that environmentally friendly buildings mean being friendly to the environment, occupying less resources, saving energy, land, water and materials, and having little negative impact. From this point of view, the glass curtain wall is undoubtedly not environmentally friendly, because it occupies many and expensive building materials, and it will cause the greenhouse effect and increase the energy consumption of cooling in the days of sunlight. If the glass curtain wall is used to avoid the greenhouse effect, it is necessary to add blinds behind the glass curtain wall, which increases the construction cost.

　　　 Pan Saijun, a senior engineer of Taizhou Construction Engineering Design Review Center, Zhejiang Province, said that from the construction situation there, the construction cost is very different without using glass curtain walls. The cost of the glass curtain wall is around 600 yuan per square meter, so the cost of such a building increases by tens of millions or even tens of millions of yuan.

　　　 He believes that the light pollution caused by the glass curtain wall is also a kind of "urban disease". Strong reflected light will enter the nearby residential building, which will increase the indoor temperature in the building and increase the cost of cooling. At the same time, the strong reflected light will also cause troubles to passers-by and drivers. Some drivers will be temporarily blurred by the reflected light from the glass curtain wall, which may lead to car accidents.

　　　 Some experts worry that the falling and breaking of the glass curtain wall may become a potential safety hazard in the city. Although the quality and strength of building glass are adequately guaranteed at present, after all, the earthquake resistance and deformation resistance of glass are deficient. Once encountering typhoons, hurricanes, earthquakes, hail, sudden changes in temperature difference, etc., it may lead to safety incidents.

　　　 This kind of worry is not without reason. According to the data, the Hancock Building in Boston, designed by I.M. Pei in 1971, is a glass curtain wall skyscraper that once sensationalized Europe and America. However, after the completion, glass broke one after another. A storm in 1973 broke dozens of pieces of glass, and the broken glass fell and broke other glasses, so the building was once riddled with holes.

　　　 In fact, it is rare for foreign buildings to adopt glass curtain wall, and most of the external decoration of buildings is still mainly paint and tile. But in China, it is very common to use glass curtain wall in urban buildings.

　　　 Professor Tang Mingfang believes that some government agencies now use large glass curtain walls when building buildings, which has set a bad example. Pan Saijun believes that the building review department is also responsible. He admits that the renderings of glass curtain wall buildings often look more beautiful and imposing, and it is easier to pass the audit of the construction planning department.

related news

　　Expert’s energy-saving advice: film the glass curtain wall　　　

　　　 At present, there are 2,239 glass curtain wall buildings in Shanghai, of which 545 have been built for more than 10 years. A few days ago, the reporter learned from relevant parties that the comprehensive transformation of the glass curtain walls of these 545 buildings will become a focus of the next phase of building energy-saving transformation in this city. Experts believe that it is relatively simple to film the glass curtain wall, and the safety film sticks to the glass. Even if the glass is broken, it will not rain. Relevant persons from the Municipal Construction and Transportation Commission said that the energy consumption of buildings has accounted for about 20% of the energy consumption in Shanghai, and there is still a growing trend. Among them, the energy consumption of public buildings accounts for the "big head" of the total energy consumption of buildings in Shanghai.

　　　 Lu Jinlong, director of the Institute of Engineering and Materials Testing, Shanghai Institute of Building Research (Group) Co., Ltd., made a report on "Several studies on energy-saving renovation of existing buildings (glass curtain walls)" in a recent seminar. He believed that glass curtain walls are decorative envelope projects, and because they were applied earlier than management, they were first used in the project and then improved the standards and regulations, so there were problems related to safety and energy saving. The comprehensive renovation of these buildings will be the main task in the next few years. Experts suggest that economic, reasonable and feasible renovation schemes can be designed for different building types, and the design and renovation scheme should pay attention to "cost performance". For commercial buildings with existing single-layer glass curtain walls, it is better to adopt window film method; Shading technology can be used to reduce consumption in the reconstruction scheme of office buildings. Architectural glass with different properties can also be selected according to different orientations in the southeast and northwest.

　　　 Actually, giving it to window film is a relatively simple and easy way. At present, the thermal insulation safety film on the market can save energy by more than 15%, and it can be stuck on the glass, even if the glass is broken, it can prevent the "glass rain". Sun Jianping, deputy director of the Municipal Construction and Transportation Commission, said that it has become an important part of the renovation of the glass curtain wall in Shanghai to put a thermal insulation safety film on the original glass to reduce energy consumption. However, some experts expressed concern about the prospect of renovation. "The idea of attaching a thermal insulation safety film to the original glass has been put forward for ten years, but it is not so easy to implement." "The price of more than 100 yuan per square meter is not acceptable to everyone." (Li Jicheng/Oriental Morning Post)
　

Editor: Xiu Rongteng

　　　　According to the Russian "Independent" reported on March 12, the Prime Minister’s office area of the Russian White House (Russian Federal Government Building) is being renovated intensively. In addition to the Prime Minister’s office, the White House will also build a fitness center for future Prime Minister Putin. This fitness center will be equipped with all kinds of advanced equipment for Putin’s fitness, so as to maintain his vitality in dealing with busy state affairs.

　　　　By a famous designer, it is said that there is a secret exit underground.

　　　　The White House, located in Yanhe Street, Pries Nyanskaya, Si Nuo, Moscow, was built in 1965 and was not completed until 1979. It was written by Che Qiulin, the designer of the Russian Civil Aviation Building, and it is also the last work of Che Qiulin. The construction of the whole building was completed by a team led by Staehl.

　　　　The White House, which is covered with thick granite, consists of three symmetrical parts, with a 20-story building in the middle and a bell tower on the top floor, where a big clock was originally hung. However, in the "October Incident" in 1993, Russian President Yeltsin ordered an attack on the White House, and the big clock stopped in the fire. Now it is replaced by the Russian national symbol-the double-headed eagle.

　　　　The Russian White House covers a total area of 172,700 square meters, with a large number of offices and 27 halls for receiving guests from various countries and holding activities. There are rumors that there is a secret exit to the subway under the White House.

　　　　According to the Russian newspaper Kommersant, the current Russian Prime Minister Viktor Zubcov left his office in early March and moved to Putin’s office on the third floor, because the office area on the fifth floor of the White House had been closed and renovation began. Putin’s office in the government building has also moved several times, but it has been empty for some time.

　　　　The recent regular meeting of the Prime Minister was also moved to the office on the third floor. According to some sources, the renovation of the fifth floor is "according to the wishes of the future prime minister." However, the White House official said that the renovation of the entire fifth floor and part of the Prime Minister’s office had been planned as early as the summer of 2007, and it only started in January this year. According to the Russian newspaper Kommersant, the renovation of the fifth floor will not be completed until August this year.

　　　　The location of the gym is confidential and there is a luxury swimming pool.

　　　　According to some sources, the rumors about building a fitness center in the White House are true. However, there is no accurate information about where the Prime Minister’s gym is going to be built. One way is to build it directly near the Prime Minister’s office, and the other way is to build it somewhere in the government building area.

　　　　A source explained that in the past, there was an independent building in the government building area, and officials could exercise occasionally. However, due to its age, it is now dilapidated and can no longer be used without renovation.

　　　　Another problem is that there is no swimming pool in the original fitness center. As we all know, Putin loves swimming, and a high-standard swimming pool must be built in the newly built gymnasium. The source also revealed that there is a huge basement under the White House, and anything can be repaired casually. However, even the well-connected Russian journalists didn’t get any news about it.

　　　　According to a source from the Russian state executive agency, people are talking about the new fitness center in the White Palace. This shows that Putin will do physical exercise after heavy work in his future prime minister’s career, instead of wasting time on the congested streets of Moscow.

　　　　It can be seen that physical exercise is of great significance in the life of the future Russian prime minister. At the last big press conference during his presidency, Putin mentioned twice that physical exercise is almost the only pleasure in his private life. When someone asked him what he didn’t like most in the life of the president, Putin didn’t answer directly, but pointed out that his life schedule was very tight: "Sports, work and a little recreation: music, I like pop music and popular classical music. This is all my life in these eight years. "

　　　　When someone jokingly asked if anyone wished him a happy Valentine’s Day, Putin openly said that he left the gym and came directly to the press conference, even "without saying hello to anyone."

　　　　The reconstruction plan suggests that Putin may be prime minister for a long time during his term of office.

　　　　Although some Russian media commented that the construction of a fitness center is not of great significance from a political point of view, some media speculated that the news may be indirect evidence that Putin will serve in the government for a long time. Because if you are only preparing to temporarily assume the post of prime minister, Putin does not need to worry so much. This may indicate that Putin, who left the Kremlin, is not ready to go back in the medium term.

　　　　At that time, when the newly elected Russian President Dmitry Medvedev indicated that Putin would be invited as prime minister, many analysts thought it was almost impossible. Even after Putin agreed in principle, these discussions continued. At first, they thought that this was just the layout before the presidential election, in order to make the election camp have two heavyweights. Later, some people thought that Putin would only temporarily manage the government until the transfer of power was completed.

　　　　Orlov, director of the Russian Institute of Political and Economic Relations, believes that it is meaningless from a political point of view to occupy the position of Prime Minister only symbolically. "Putin will work as prime minister for quite a long time, although it is still too early to say whether he will finish Medvedev’s term."

　　　　Petrov, an expert at the Moscow Analysis Center, said, "Putin’s prime minister career will be different from any previous one. In the past, the distribution of government power and responsibility was like this: the president was responsible for strategy and overall leadership, while the prime minister was responsible for daily tactical leadership. This system will be changed. Putin must become the second president, not the prime minister in the traditional Russian sense. "

　　　　News link: The Russian White House has experienced a storm

　　　　The White House is the seat of the People’s Congress and the Supreme Soviet of the former Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. On August 19th, 1991, Soviet Vice President yanayev issued an order announcing that Gorbachev was unable to perform the presidency due to health reasons, and he would assume the presidency from now on. At the same time, it announced the establishment of a national emergency Committee. However, President Yeltsin of the Russian Federation refused to obey the orders of the Emergency Committee and called for a political strike to protest the actions initiated by yanayev and others.

　　　　In just a few days and nights, a large number of Yeltsin supporters gathered around the White House. On the morning of August 20, about 50,000 demonstrators gathered next to the White House to express their desire to defend the building. In the afternoon, Yeltsin signed an order to set up a business management team. The "shadow cabinet" composed of more than 20 people was sent to an alternate relay station in the forest 70 kilometers away from Sverdlovsk to lead Russia. Prepare to organize another base for a long-term struggle in case the White House falls.

　　　　In the early morning of August 21st, the National Emergency Committee took action. A group of airborne troops headed for a roadblock next to the Russian parliament building. The first batch of military vehicles headed for New Arbat Street. Twenty armored vehicles broke through the first roadblocks on New Arbat Street and headed for the White House.

　　　　Since then, the army began to withdraw from Moscow. At noon, Yeltsin announced at the extraordinary meeting of the Russian Supreme Soviet that he had taken control of the armed forces in Russia.

　　　　On October 3, 1993, Russian President Yeltsin declared a state of emergency in Moscow. In the early morning of the 4th, Russian government troops entered Moscow and fought fiercely with the fighting team loyal to Parliament for 10 hours. The bloody conflict caused hundreds of casualties. This incident is called the "October incident", that is, the "shooting at the White House" incident.

　　　　In the "October incident", the White House was attacked by gunfire and caused a fire. Yeltsin announced the abolition of the Soviet system and the establishment of a new federal parliament. In 1994, the Russian White House underwent a large-scale renovation and maintenance. After the October Incident, a high wall was built around the White House. In 1999, the White House was rebuilt and repaired again.

Editor: Zhou Zhongxiao